II. It is maintained by other scholars, that, corresponding to the term Galatia Provincia, there was a Roman term Galatce, indicating the body of provincials. It was necessary in official and legal usage to have a term designating the entire population of a province ; and the term was always the etluiic derived from the oflicial name of the province. Thus all the inhabitants of Africa were Afri (e.g. Juvenal, viii. 120 ; Pliny, Eplst. ii. 11. 2), of Hispania Ba;tica Bcttici (Pliny, Epist. iii. 9. 3, etc.), and so on, even though several nations inhabited each province, some of which, e.g. Carthaginians or Greeks, regarded themselves as far superior to barbarian Afri, etc. The Romans used these generic temis when it was necessary to describe as a class the whole population; "hut 'the same writer who at one time and from one point of view summed up the population of Sicilia Provincia as Siculi, would at another time and for another purpose pointedly emphasize the Greek character and origin of the people of Sj'iacuse or Mcssana,' and would dis- tinguish them from the Siculi as a different race.t Similarly, the term Gulalce was for purposes of generalization emiiloyed by the Romans to sum up the entire population of the province Galatia ;; but its use in this way is determined by the pur-
* Slaves Soaias. Malphatcis, etc, called TiOJirm tn Delphic inscriptions, are liy race Phri-pan (ETpointor, Au(:u!<t 1SH>).
I See :^tutliii Biblica. iv. p. 'JO ff., tor u fuller discussion (whicil, RCCordin(r to Zahn [tJiiUettung, p. lau], * au^uIiTiicli urui uber- zeu'jnld handtU hirvon').
I 'For example, Tacitus streaks of levies from the provinces of Galntia and C'appadocia, sometimes as babiti fter tSataliam Cajipaduciainque itUi^cttu {Ann. xiii. US), sometimes, nith his usual love of variaUoD Id liLnjpia^e, a« G'o/afarum CappO'
92
GALA.TIANS
GALATIANS
pose and views of tlie speaker. Three points are involved in this use of the term : (1) the speaker or writer is generalizinj; about a set of inhahitants of the province ; (2) he lias not in mind any tliought of the racial character — as Pliryi;ians, I'isidians, Gahitians, etc. — of the persons addressed ; (3) he is speaking from the Roman point of view. All these three points are united in Gal 3'. (1) St. Paul is addressing in a generalizing style people of two cities in Phrygia and two in Lycaonia, viz. the members of the four 'Churches of Galatia.' If it is possible to speak of the ' Churches of Galatia,' it must from the same point of view be possible to classif J' the members as 'Galatians.' (2) There ia here no thought of racial character, only of classify- ing a group of towns by their common character, and no common cliaracteristic lies so near as their common Roman relation. The policy of Rome was to prevent the subject cities from uniting with one another, and to unite them all closely to herself ; and their Roman relationship exists only in virtue of their forming part of a Roman province. Hence analo^es from modem divisions, such as English counties, which opponents of this interpretation of the term G. bring forward, are inapposite : a native of an Englisli county does not rank as a Briton in virtue of his belonging to the county, but a native of the province Galatia ranked as a member of the Roman Empire in virtue of his belonging to the province. Similarly, a modern governor might sum iip members of a Society with branches in New Brunswick and Ontario as ' Canadians,' though even here the parallel is not complete, for New Bnmswick was a part of the British Empire before it was federated with Canada, but Lycaonia was governed by a native prince before it was incorporated in the province Galatia. (3) Paul, the civis Romanus, naturally spoke from the Roman point of view. His whole career shows how thoroughly he acce|)ted the existing political facts and inculcated loyal sub- mission to the reigning power. He classified his Churches according to the provinces, Achaia, Macedonia, Asia, Galatia. Especially after the decision in favour of religious freedom pronounced by Gallio, he recognized, also, that the liberal Roman administration was his ally against the Jews.* But, from the outset, the Pauline teach- ing was, as a practical force in society, tending to produce certain results, which the Roman policy also aimed at, viz. (1) spread of the Greek lan- guage as being used in the Christian books ; (2) revolt against the power of the great religious centres with their colleges of priests ; (3) educa- tion of the people ; (4) development of a feeling of unity among members of dilferent nations, i.e. destruction of national separation.t
But would the people of Pisidia and Lycaonia be ■willing to accept the title Galatae ? It has been maintained that this is incredible, and that the burden of proof lies with those who assert that the names Lycaonian or Pisidian or Phrygian would ever be aisowned by natives of that country. But two of the four Churches were in Roman cities, Colonics Romance ; to judge from the analogy of colonia Corinth with its numerous Roman names (see Corinth, p. iSC"), there were almost certainly some Romans in the Churches : could these be addressed as Lycaonians? And the non-Roman population of a colonia shared in the honour of