W. .Max MOller. HALAK (pl'nn vn, "AXd* A, 'AxA B), or 'the Binocith mountain," Jos II" 12' (only). — Thia emiiunce has not been identified, but its approxi- mate locality is indicated by the words ' that gocth up to Scir': and it formed the southern
28e
HALK
HALICARXASSUS
limit of Joshua's conquests. We may infer, there- fore, that it wius the summit of a smootli ascent in the valley of the Araliah to the south of the Ghflr, or Dead Sea hasin ; and some liave su|iposed that it was the line of clills which form the margin of the GliAr itself, about 6 miles S. of tlie shore of that lake. This view is, liowever, probably erroneous, as the expression ' smooth mountain ' would not apply to an abrupt range of clills formed of alluvial materials, which we have elsewhere (see Di:.\D Sea, vol. i. p. 575^) identitied as ' the ascent of Akrabbira ' (Nu 34*). But from the margin of the Ghc'lr the Arabah Valley gradually rises towards the summit level, which it reaches immediately in front of Mount Hor on the borders of Seir ; and to this line of elevation the term 'smooth' would not be inapplicable, while at the same time it would be on the line of communication between southern Palestine and Petra, the capital of Scir.
E. Hull. HALE. — The verbs 'hale' and 'haul,' meaning to drag, are, says Skeat, dialectical varieties of the same word. They are found in all the Teut. languages (as Dutch luden, Dan. fuile), and are etymol. connected with Or. KaXfly and Lat. calare, to summon. Hale is the older form, and it alone occurs in AV and in Shaks.,* though 'haul' was already in \ise. The passages are Ac 8^ 'As for Saul, he made havoc of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison' (cvpwv, Amer. RV 'dragging'); Lk li" 'lest he hale thee to the judge' (iirfTrore Karaci-pTi, Amer. KV 'drag'). In both ])laees ' hale' is original to AV, the earlier VSS having 'draw.' For the word cf. T. Lever, Sermmui (Arber's ed. p. 23), ' This Realme is de\-yded in it selfe ... by covetouse ambicion, euerj-e manne pullynge and halynge towardes them selves, one from another'; T. Fuller, Holy State, ii. 7, 'It [the Greek language] is full and stately in sound : ouely it pities our Artist to see the vowels therein rackt in pronouncing them, hanging oftentimes one way \iy their native force, and haled another by their accents which counterm.and them ' ; and MUton, PL ii. 596—
•Thither by harpy-footed furies hal'd. At certain revolutions all the daran'd Are broujjht.'
J. HaSTIN'OS.
HALHUL ('?:n|-n). — A city of Judah mentioned (Jos 15°*) in the list of the inheritance of the tribe of Judah alon" with five others, all of which have been identified e.\cept Eltekon. Jerome places it near to Hebron (Onomast. s. 'Elul'). It is the modem Hnlliul, a large village 4 miles north of Hebron, which lies in the mountains of Judah, on a hill about a mile to the east of the road to Jerusalem. On the opposite side of the road is Beit-sur (Heth-ziir), a rocky fastness built by Rehoboam for the defence of his kingdom (2 Ch 11'), and used in the wars of the Maccabees as a defence against Idum,ta(l Mac 4"'). Between these two places, lower down, is the fountain Dkirtve/i, the traditional site of the baptism of the eunuch by Philip. Not far to the north is the head of Pilate's great aqueduct leading to Jerusalem, 41 J miles by the aiiueduct (13 miles as the crow flies), the fall beinj 'Mi'> ft. in tlvit distance {Tent Work in Pales- tine, ' lla'.liul'). A mile to the east of Ilalhul is Beit'Autun, identified by Robinson as Beth-anoth, where are extensive ruins and laro;e drafted stones. Farther to the north is Jedur (Gedor), a small ruin. About the site of JJaUinl are ruins and rock-cut tombs, including a Byzantine ruin and an ancient church (ruined). The mosque A^e6y Fands (Jonah)
• Pope gives * hauld ' in his Shaks. at // Henry IV. v. v. 37, and it IS approved by sooie editors. In Ac 83 AV of 1611 spells tfa« word 'hail.'
is a modern building on a platform of nx k, which appears to have been artificially levelled (HUP i. 21ti, iii. 2S2; SWP iii. .S2!)). Ishak Clielo in 1334 (Carmoly, p. 242) speaks of Ilalhul as con taining the seiiufchre of Gad, David's seer (1 S 22', 2 S '24" ; Brnj. uf Tud. by Aslier, ii. 437). See, further, Dillm. on Jos 15", and Guiirin, Judie, iii. 284 ir. C. Warren.
KALI ('V-). — A city belonging to the tribe of Asher, Jos 19^. The site is doubtful. It may be the ruin 'Alia on the hills N.E. of Achzib, alout 13 miles N.E. of Acre. See SWP vo\. i. sh. iii., and Guorin, UalU(e,'± 62. Buhl (GylP 231) doubu this identification. C. R. CoNUER.
HALICARNASSUS ('A\iKapvairabi) was one of the six Dorian colonies on the coa.st of Caria (see Co.s). Troezen was its mother city. Thou^'h excluded from the Dorian confederacy (Hexapolis) on account of some ancient di-spute (Herod, i. 144), it was a very important city in respect of politics, commerce, literature, and art. During the Persian domination it prospered greatly under a dyn.asty of tyrannoi established by Lygd.amis. His widow, Artemisia, dynast in 480, possessed great intluence with Xerxes. Maussollos (377-353) made the city supreme over most of Caria and part of Lycia, under the suzerainty of the Persian kin^. The monument buUt in his honour by Artemisia, his sister-wife, who survived him, was reckoned one ot the seven wonders of the world : scanty remains ol it are now in the British Museum, llalicarnassus, having faithfully adhered to the Persian cause, endured a long siege by Alexander the Great, B.C. 334, and was burned by the conqueror. A number of the inhabitants were safe in the acro- polis (called Salmakis), which Alexander did not succeed in capturing. They rebuilt the city ; but it never again became a great city, though always* an important one till it was ruiiic<l by the Turks. Its prosperity benefited much from the measures of Q. Cicero when he was governor of Asia in B.C. 61. Its silver coinage ceased after B.C. 168 ; but it continued to coin in bronze as late as the 3rd cent, after Christ, .and appears in all the lists of bishoprics. In liter.ature its greatness is shown by Herodotus, Dionysius the historian, Dionysius the writer on music, Pigres, Panyasis, etc.