Halicarnassus was one of the states to which the Roman Senate sent letters in favour of the Jews in B.C. 139, 1 Mac lo'" (see Cauia). It must therefore have been a free and self-governing city at that time. The decree of the city p.assed in the 1st cent. B.C., granting to the Jews religious liberty and the right to build their Proseiichai beside the sea (Jos. Ant. XIV. x. 23), attests the existence of an early Jewish colony in the city ; and this was natural, as H. was a considerable centre of trade, owing to its favourable position on a bay opposite Cos, on the north-west side of the Cer.amic Gulf. The city extended round the bay from promontory to promontory, and con- tained, among other buildings, a famous temple cf Aphrodite.
The site of Halicarnassus is now called Bod- rum (i.e. 'fortress'), from the Castle of St. Peter which was built by the Knights of St. John (whose headquarters were in Rhodes) under their Grand Master de Naillac, A.D. 1404. The castle stands on the point of a lofty rocky promontory, which projects southwards, and divides the bay of Hali- carnassus into two hiirbours ; in ancient times it was probably an island (Zephyria). A Turkish village occupies part of the site of the city. In
• The language ol Cicero, ad Quint. Fr. I. i, 2/i (p<ene desert am urbein), must not be pressed ; he is exaggerating his brother'"
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the castle were found many remains of the Mau- soleum, which were sent to London in 1846 by Lord Stratford de Kedcliffe. A very full account of the city, with plans, etc., la to be found in the works of Sir C. Newton, who excavated there in 1K57. (History of Discoveries at HalicaT-nassus, Cnidus, and Branchidm, and Travels and Dis- coveries in the Levant. See also Ross, Meisen durch d. Inseln Griech. ; Hamilton's Researches in Asia Minor). W. M. Ramsay.
HALL. — In Mk 15"" AV renders tew r^t ouX^s i ianv TrpaiTiipiov, ' into the hall called Praetoriura ' ; and in Lk 22^ (v iiiaif rfi^ auX^s, ' in the midst of the hall.' Elsewhere AV renders avKii either •palace' (Mt 26»-»««', Mk H"- *>, Lk 11=', Jn IS"), when the reference is to the place where a governor dispensed justice; or 'fold' (.Jn 10'-'°), referring to the place where the flocks were kept all night; or 'court' (Rev 11'), in reference to the court of the temple. RV gives 'court' everywhere except in Jn 10'- '"■ (lo' t) oiIXt; tCiv vpofidrue, AV 'the sheepfold,' RV 'the fold of the sheep,' 10'» v oi/XtJ, AV and RV ' the fold '). See Palace.
The word irpaiTiipiov is once in AV tr'' ' Prae- toriura' (Mk 15'* as above), and once 'palace' (Ph 1" iv 6X<(j Tcp TpaLTupiw, AV 'in all the palace,' AVm ' Caesar's court,' RV ' throughout the whole Pra>torian guard,' RVm 'in the whole Prie- torium '). Elsewhere it is rendered either ' common hall ' (Mt 27", AVm 'governor's house'), or ' hall of judgment' (.Jn IS'-'**, AVm 'Pilate's house'), or 'judgment hall' (Jn IS^""- » UP, Ac 23«). RV gives ' palace' in the text of all those places, with 'Praetorium' in the marg., which Amer. RV pre- fers in the text. See PR^TOniUM.
The RV word ' palace ' for prcBtorium comes from the Rhem. NT, which has 'Palace' everywhere, except Ph 113 'court.' WycUf's word is always ' moot (or mote) halle.' Tind. intro- duced ' Judgement hall.' J. Hastings.
HALLEL ('?''?). — A name given to the group of psalms 113-118 inclusive, which the Jews from an early date have been in the habit of reciting at the three great feasts, at the feast of Dedication and at the new moons. The name ' great Hallel ' is sometimes given to this group as a whole, but it is usually applied to Ps 136 (or Pss 120-130) with its twenty-six times repeated refrain of praise. Pss 113-118, or ll.'V-lIS, are called the 'Egyptian' or the 'common' Hallel. During the continuance of the temple the Hallel was recited on eighteen days in the j'ear, but on one night alone, that of the passover. On that occasion it was taken in parts, Pss 113 and 114 being sung before the meal, lust before the drinking of the second cup, and Pss 115-118 after the hlling of the fourth cup. It is to this sacred song that reference is made in the phrase vii.fl)aaiiT(t, ' when they liad sung an hymn,' used of our Saviour and His disciples in Mt 26*' and Mk 14=". See Delitzsch on Ps 113; Talmud, Snpherim 18, §2 ; and compare Edersheim, The Temple and its Services. W. T. DavisON.
HALLELUJAH (.n.-S^n' praise ye J",' •AWnUmd). ^Tlie word (iiiurs as a short doxology in the Psalms, usually at the beginning, as Ps 111. 112, or the end, as 104. 105, or both, as 135. 146-15lt ; in 13.V use is dill'erent. Except 135, the H. p.salms occur in three groups, U)4-l06; 111-113, 115, 117; 146-150; the 2nd being interrupted by Ps 114. 116. The consecutive occurrence of these psalms may lie explained in two ways. (i. ) H. was usually added to psalms only of a joyful char- acter, and these might naturally be put together by the compiler, just iia hymns of thanksgiving •re often put together in our modern liymn-