• On the question of the nite of the ' city of [>ftvkl ' and of Zion, sec further art. Zion, when ft dilTerent view from ih* alwvs i< contended for ; uid c(. ut. Juvs, p. &M n *
B'.)2
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
(Is 36') which, in Hezekiah's time, hod a conduit, and was situated near a 'highway.' It was here that tlie Assyr. appeared before Jems, in B.C. 701, and Jos. tells us (Wars, V. vii. 2) that the 'camp of the Assyr.' wa-i on the N.W. side of the old city, which was the natural quarter whence they would have approached from Philistia. The pool in question is called by him Amyydalon, and a conduit entering the city on this side is also noticed by him. An aqueduct still leads from the liirket Alaniilla out-side Jerus. on the W. to the Patriarch's Pool. This upper pool may have formed the chief supply of water within Jerns. aa early as David's time.
As regards the royal palace of Solomon and of the later kings, we learn that it took thirteen years to build (1 K "'""). 'For he built the house of the forest of Lebanon : the length thereof was 100 cubits, and the breadth thereof 50 cubits, and the height thereof 30 cubits.' The pillars were of cedar with rafters above. It had a porch i50 cubits wide and 30 cubits long at one end, in which was the ivory throne of judgment. A J^arim or women's house appears to have been attached ; courts existed both within and outside, and the 'great court' (v.") seems to have been connected with the Temple itself. In later times we read of the king's high house by the court of the guard (Xeh 3'^, see IS*"), as being immediately south of the Temple, and the King's Gate was in the same vicinity (1 Ch 9"), being probably the high gate of the king's house (2 Ch 23*"), and the gate of the guard near the king's house, which adjoined the Temple (2 K 11"). Solomon's palace was outside the city of David (1 K 9", 2 Ch 8"), and the Horse Gate was by the king's house outside the Temple, being the way by which the Iiorses came to the king's house {2 K 11", 2 Ch 23"). This gate was on Ophel S. of the Temple (Neh 3'^, see Jer 31", Jos. Ant. IX. vii. 2, 3). It is clear that Ezk refers to the palace as being divided from the Temple only by a wall (Ezk 43*), and there is a general agreement that the palace stood south of the Temple. It seems to have still existed after the Captivity, — probably in ruins, — but disappeared when the royal cloister of Herod's enlarged Temple enclosure was built, and it is not noticed by Jos. in his account of the Jerus. of his o^vn time.
The fortification of the Ophel spur, south of the Temple, was begun by Jotham (2 Ch 27'), for Uzziah is only said to have strengthened the W. wall (2 Ch 26"- "), and it was completed by Ma- nasseh (33"). This wall existed no doubt, therefore, in Hezekiah's time, but was rendered more formid- able by his successor. It is described in the latter passage as extending from the city of David to Gihon in the ravine, and as stretching to the Fish Gate on the N. side of the city. Ophel and the Temple were thus included, about B.C. 800, in the fortified circuit. As rerards Gihon, it Ls to be noted that it is described as ' in the torrent- valley ' (nahal), a term which appears to apply ex- clusively to the Kidron Valley, the valley of Ben Hinnom being always denoted by another word {qrii). Thus when Solomon was taken down to Gihon (1 K l"-**) he was in full view of the fa-ition supporting Adonijah on the cliff of Zoheleth (now Zuhwcilch) on the opposite side of the Kidron. The term Gihon ('burstinsj forth') indicates a natural spring, such as is found only at the so- called Virgin's Pool or'Ain Unim ed-Deraj ('spring of the mother of steps') under the E. slope of Ophel. In the Bk. of Jos (15' 18'») this spring is called En-rogel, usually rendered 'Fuller's Spring,' and sometimes connected with the Fuller's P'ield (Is 30-),* but the true meaning is perhaps the
* In the Mishna, She^im tUL 1, it is stated that the upper market-place was occupied by pagan (ullen>
'spring of the water channel.' Hezekiah wa* the first to connect this spring with the Pool o( Siloam by the aqueduct still existing (2 K 20^'°, Is 22", 2 Ch 32*- *>), although it would seem that the 'ditch (or basin) between the two walls' had, according to Is, been already made for the watfcia of an older pool in the time of Ahaz. In the liu°t'
? noted passage Hezekiah's great work is described ully, and, as tr. more correctly than in tlie AV, may read ' stopped the upper spring of Gihon and brought it straight underground, wert wards, to the city of David.' In 2 Ch 32* we read that when preparing for the Assyr. attack Uezekiali 'stopped the watercourse that ran (or overflowed) through the midst of the land ' (or ' earth ' ; the I,XX roa<l iriXis, ' city '), in order to prevent the Assj'rians from getting water. It seems probable that the sudden flow of the Gihon spring (which occurs intermittently) had formerly made a stream, flowing down the Kidron Valley (the bed of which was then much deeper), and that by means of the aqueduct the water was diverted to the Siloam pool, close to the city walls. The Gihon spring now rises in a cave reached by a descent of many steps, but the earth in front of the cave may have been first piled up by Hezekiah, and some natural outlet must at first have existed. The actual line of the old wall near Siloam is unknown, but in the account of the flight of Zedekiah we read of the ' way of the gate between the two walls, which is by the king's garden ' (2 K 25*, Jer 39*), this gate leading to the Arabah or Jordan Valley. Jos. understands a 'fortified ditch ' on the side nearest to Jericho {Ant. X. \'iii. 2), and the king's garden (belonging no doubt to the palace) was close to Siloam (Neh 3"). Hence the wall of Jotham and Manasseh appears to have passed near Siloam. Gihon is called by Jos. 'Solomon's Pool' {Wars, V. iv. 1), and placed close to Ophel.