The ni;iin building perio(.lsof Jeru?., after a.d. 70, have been described at some length, in order to explain the present con- ditions of Jerus. arcliajology, and to distinguish the works of later ages. In a.d. 1219 the city walls were dismantled by order of the Sultan of Damaacus, and ten years later Frederic ii., emperor of Germany, received Jerus. by treaty from the Sultan of Egypt. In s]iiteof the conditions of this treaty, the Christians, in A.D. 1239, began to rebuild the walls, when DaQd Emir of Kerak fell upon them, massacred many, and demoUshed the walls and the citadel. Yet in 1243 Jerus. was again restored, without conditions, to Christendom by the Sultan of Damaacus, and its walls repaired. In the following year the Kharezmian Tartars — foes of Islam and Christendom alike — seised Jerus., massacred the population, and rifled the tombs of the Lat. kings near the foot of Calvary. In 1247 they were driven N. by the Sultan of E^j-pt, and Jerus. remained subject to Egypt for 270 years, untd the Ottoman Sultan Selim i. conquered Syria in a.d. 1617. Inscriptions on the walls show that the present ramparts are due to Suleim&n the Magnificent in a.d. 1642. The line differs somewhat from that of Uie 12th cent, od the N W. and S.
Jerus. under the Turks remained without a history, and hardly increased at all in size, until some 30 years ago. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was partly destroyed by fire in a.d. 1808, but most of its present structures, including the bell tower, the choir, and the chapels, remain as they were in the I2th cent. In 1S25 there was a revolt against Turkish rule in the city. In 1S.'J2 it was taken by Mohanmied Ali from Egypt. In 1834 the peasantry entered by the drains, and shut up the garrison in the capital for a week. They were relieved by Ibranim Pasha on the 6th of June. In 1840 Jerus. was restored to the Turks by Europe. The Anglican bishopric was founded two years later. In 1850 the riots of Gr. and Lat. clergy preceded the Crimean War. In recent years there has been a steady influx of Jewish in- habitants, so that a population of about 20,000 souls in 1872 has risen to about 60,000 at the presei.t time. New quatters have sprung up outside the walls, on W., N., and S., and a railway from Jaffa has just recently been completed. The main causa of this rapid development, which has led to much misery and
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JERUSALEM
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j»overty in the city, fl nnder the late Tzar.
I the persecution of the Jewa In Russia
IV. Toi'OGRAPIlY. — From tlio preceding account ot the liistory it will be seen that, in treating of the topograjiliy of Jerus., we have to bear in mind variou.'i changes due to human agency throughout a period of nearlj- 4000 yeara ; and that in studying the Antiquities we have to separate tlie work of Romans, liyzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Eg3'ptians, and Turks from the older remains of the semi- Greek period, of the Hebrews, or of the Canaan- ites. \Ve have, in like manner, to dislinL;uish later traditions from the true topography of the earliest writers, and monkish sites from those of the Bible. Our only real authorities are the OT for the earlier periods, and Josephus for the condition of the city just liefore the great destruction, which he witnessed in A. D. 70. In the Mishna we have, however (Tract jUidr/ulh), a valuable account of Herod's temple, written about A.U. loO at Tiberias, by men who were able to visit the ruins, and to hear the remembrances of rabbis who had survived the siege. The accounts given by Jos. were, on the other hand, penned far away in Home, — that in the H'ars about A.D. 72, and the Antiquities as late as A.D. 93.
The long controversies which have raged as to most of the features of the ancient city have been silenced by the survey of Jerus. in ISO' "oy Sir C. W. Wilson, by de Vogii6's careful stwj of the Temide site in lSIJ0-lS»i3. and by the celebrated excavations of Sir C. Warren (18(37-1870) ; and the dillerences of opinion now existing are few and comparatively unimportant. The principal dis- crepancies which will be found on the most recent maps concern three [loints only — (1) the position of the 'City of David,' (2) the position of ' Akra,' (3) the size and exact position of the Temple. The iir.st two may here be brielly considered. The third will be noticed in creating of the Temple Area.
As regards the extent of the city at the time of Daviil's siege, we read that ' David took the strong- hold of Zioii, the same is the city of David,' and ' dwelt in the fort, and calle<l it the city of David ; and I lavid built round about from Mil lo (Akra in LXX) and inwards' (2 S 5'- "). Jos. (.Ih^ vil. iii. 1) explains that, having crossed the ravine, David seized the citadel (".\/tpai') 'and settled himself in Jcru.s., which he called David'sown city' : he adds, 'But David having also surrounded the lower city (tt;*' Karu Tro-Xt;-) aiul joined the citadel (rrjj/ 'AKpav)^ to it made them one body.' In another passage he says that the upper city of his own time was