The general topography of Jerus., before ita destruction by Nebuch., thus appears to be clear; but the site of the tombs of the kings is still controverted. Fifteen kings are said in the OT to have been buried in the ' city of David,' though Josephus only says 'in Jerusalem.' These were Da«d, Solomon, Rehoboam, Abijah, Asa, Jeho- shaphat, Joram, Ahaziah, Joash, Amaziah, Aza- riah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and Josiah. The monument was known in the time of John Hyr- canus {Ant. VII. xv. 3) and of Herod (XVI. vii. I), both of whom sought treasure in it. It appears to have been known in the time of the apostles (Ac 2"), but Josephns unfortunately does not describe its position. According to the Mishna {Parah iii. 2, see Tosephta, Baba Bathra, ch. 1), the only tombs in Jerus. were those of the family of David and of the prophetess Huldah. Certain unworthy kings were, however, buried elsewhere. Manasseli was buried 'in the garden of his own house in the garden of Uzza' (2 K 21"), and Amon was buried in the same place (v.*). They are not said to have been buried in the city of David (see Ant. ix. x. 4, X. iii. 2), and, if the fjarden of Uzza was the same as the king's garden, it lay not far from the palace, and near Siloam, as aoove explained. This may account for the notice of the ' sepulchres of David ' (Neh 3'") near Siloam, if the term ' city of Da^'id ' is to be strictly applied only to the older city. It is pos- sible that all the kings were buried in this ' burying-place ' (2 Ch 26'-'^), but it is remarkable that one ancient tomb is known in the lower city — that now called the tomb of Nicodemus immediately W. of the traditional Holy Sepulchre. Jos. gives a remarkable account of the tombs of the kings {Ant. vil. xv. 3) which might apply to this existing tomb, with three Kukim or tunnel graves at the far end, and three on each side, thus
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
693
accommodating nine bodies. A hole in the floor leads to other Kukim below, to the left of the entrance. It might, therefore, have sufficed for the kings buried in the city of David if — which can- not now be determined on account of a wall founda- tion— there were six Kukim in the lower tier. It is not impossible that this monument may be the real tomb of the kings, but it ia also possible that all were buried near SUoam within the city walls ; and future excavation may reveal the ' sepulchres of David ' near Siloam.
The most complete account of the topography of Jems, in the liible is found in the Bk. of Nch, which relates his survey of the ruined walls, aud details his restoration of tlie ancient circuit. In the first passage (Neh 2"") he describes how he went out by the gate of the valley (f/ni), W. of Jerus., 'E. of the Dragon Spring,' which seems to he the Serpents' Pool of Jos. (rwr 6<peuy Ko\vii^i]Opa), W. of the city ( Wars, V. iii. 2), the site being, however, unknown ; and passing S. by the Dung Gate he reached the ' Gate of the Spring,' and the King's Pool (probably Siloam). Then, going up N. by the 'torrent-valley' (Kidron), and hnding the road blocked with ruins, he returned to the Valley Gate. In the second passage (Neh 3'"'^) the whole course of the wall is described from N. of the Temple, W., S., E., and N., to the starting-point. The names of the gates, and other details, agree with the scattered notices of earlier passages, and must bo considered in order. The Sheep Gate, repaired by the priests (cf. Neh 12"), is generally allowed to have oeen on the N. of the Temple. The towers Ifarmnel and Meah appear to have belonged to the ' fortress ' (birah, an Aram, word, Assyr. biratu) of ' the house ' or Temple (Neh 2"*), which was apparently the later Baris on the site of Antonia (see 1 Ch 29'", Jos. Ant. XVIII. iv. 3, Wars, I. iii. 3, V. 4 ; Mishna, Middolh i. 9, Tamid'v/. 1, Zeba^im xii. 3). These two towers are again noticed (Neh 12'') in the same position, and Ilananel (Jer 31**) marked the opposite extreme (on the oast) of the breadtli of the city measured from the Corner Gate. The Fish Gate (2 Ch 33", Neh 3> 12»», Zeph l'») was probably the entrance by which men of TjTe brought lish to Jerus. (Nen 13"), and is generally supposed to have been on the N. wall. The Old Gate or gate of the old (city) was probably in the city of David, the wall of Xianasseh extending to the Fish Gate (2 Ch 33'^), in connexion with which a place called the 'second' (city or quarter) is noticed (iJ^'J^'i Zeph 1'°) ; it is also noticed in the time of Josiah (2 Iv 22", A V wrongly ' college '). It is not impossible that Jos. refers to this quarter, in one pa.ssage, when speaking of the ' other city ' (dWiji" tAXik, Ant. XV. xi. 5). These indications would seem to place tlie Fish Gate at the head of the narrow valley which hounds the Temple on the W E. of thi^^ valley was the 'second qaarter,' walled in by Mana-sseli, and W. of it was the old city of David. Next to the Old Gate is noticeil (Neh 3' 12**) the Broad Wall, probably in the weakest part of the city on the N.W., and in tliis vicinity a gate called the Gate of Ephraim (2 K 14'", 2 Cli 2o'^, Neh 8" 12») is noticed, about 400 cubits from the Corner Gate : inside this gate and the Water Gate there was a 'broad place' (Neh 8" AV ' street '), where bootlis loulJ be erected, and the Gate of Epliraim was between the Broad Wall and the Old Gate. The description applies to the Hat ground immediately N. of the N.W. comer of the upper city. Beyond the Broad Wall was the Tower of Furnaces (Neh 3") near the Gate of the Valley which probably led out to the Valley of Hiniiom, to whioli this terra (fjni) seems to be generally conlined (see 2 Ch 2(5», Neh 2"). The Tower of Furnaces may be one of those built by VOL. II.— .i8