Uzziah at the Valley Gate, and at the Comer Gate, an4 his towers tlius seem to have occupied the site of the later ' Koyal Towers' (iVars, II. xvii. 6) at the N.W. corner of the upper city. The Corner Gate (2 K W, 2 Ch 25-^ 26* Jer SI**, Zee 14'") was apparently the same as the 'first' (or ' principal ') gate, and was clearly on the W. of the city, where the principal road from the plains reached Jerusalem. The Dung Gate was llKX) cubits from the Valley Gate (Neh 2" 3" 12"), and is perhaps the same as the Harsith Gate near the Valley of Hinnom (Jer I'J'), sometimes rendered Gate of Potsherds. The dunghills of the city must have been in this neighbourhood. The place called Bethso by Jos. {Wars, V. iv. 2) is someliiiies explained to mean Beth zoah, ' house of dung,' and would be in the same vicinity, on the W. side of the upjier city. The Gate of the Spring ( Neh 2") 3" 12") may have led to Siloam, with which it is noticeil, and was apparently near the S.E. slope of the upper city. It is probably the gate by which Zedekiah fled (2 K 25*, Jer 39^), and is noticed in connexion with the wall of the Pool of Siloah, and with the king's garden, and the stairs from the city of David. The next points on the wall were ' over against ' the sepulchres of David, and at the 'Tower of Heroes' ((jibborim), and the 'turning of the wall ' (Neh 3'»''»). On Ophel was the ' Pro- jecting Tower ' near the Water Gate, and appar- ently close to the ancient palace by the ' Court of the Guard' (Neh 3»-2«). "The Water Gate would lead to the Gihon spring — probably by the rocky shaft which runs up to tne surface of the hill, at tlie back of the cave in which the Gihon wells up. Between this and the Temple the ruins of a great projecting tower still exist on tlie old wall. The Horse Gate leadinjj to the palace was close to the Temijle, and from it the priests repaired the wall (2 K ll'«, 2 Ch 23'», Neh 3'», Jer 31"). The pahuo is again noticed as the ' House of David ' (Neh 12"). On the E. wall of the Temple were two gates called Gate of Benjamin (Jer 20', Zee 14'°) and Gate of the Guard (2 K 1 !'• '» [cTjn nrix iK'n], Neh 12" [n-i2:;n '»]). One of these may have been the Upper "Gate (2 K 15», 2 Ch 2,f-»), noticed with Ophel, and one the Gate of Ham-miphkad (Neh 3^'). The description of the circuit closes at the N.E. corner of the Temple, and at the Sheep Gate whence it commences. There is, as shown, notliing which indicates discrepancy between this formal account and the earlier incidental notices of the city before the Captivity, or any difficult v in tracing the approximate line of the walls. The city 80 described occupied about 200 acres, and it is spoken of as extensive in Nehemiah's time (Neh 7'). The suggestion once made, that Jerus. before the Captivity occupied only the E. Temple hill, has found few supporters, and it would reduce the city to the impossible area of some 10 acres, not including tlie Temple. The upper city and lower city are clearly sujiiiosed by Jos. to have existed iu the time of David and Solomon, and the measure- ments of 400 and 1000 cubits, above noticed, cannot be reconciled with a view which would make Solomon's capital smaller than any of the modem village hamlets of Pale.stine. Ancient cities like Tyre and Ca-sarea occuiiicd an area of more than 100 acres, as did llabhath Amnion ; and Jerus. was at least as important as any of these.*
* Otbar plaoM lo Jem*, notloed in OT loeluda tba Temple Gate Sur (2 K 11> ; In !0b 23> ' gate of the toundaUon ' (-i^s;nj ahould prob. be ' j»t« Sur" (Tial), the New a«t«— «pp«renU3r the higher (or lnncr)Tomplo 0«l« (Jer W SOi"), the (tr»ve« of the camnion (leople (Jer !!43» SI") epparently In the Kidron Valley, the Prlaon or ' Guard ' (Jer 37'»- CnOKH n-Jl «> SS« l.T;?::n isql), the Baker't Street (STO) ; the Th'rd Entry (or Chlct Kntrv) o( the Temple (S!i><), tba King'a wine preaaaa (probabi; near the kios'a
594
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
We must next consider the topograjiliy of the Greek age, when the Hasmonaans earned out im- portant works at Jerus., and the position of the (Jr. citadel or Akra, which threatened the Temple. The Greeks are said to have fortilied the city of David for themselves to lie in wait against the Temple (1 Mac 1"), to which the term Zion seems to be applied by this writer (1 Mac 4*'-*' 7") : the Gr. tower was by (ira^d) the Temple (I Mac tC' 13"), and they issued from the city of David to the Temple (14"). Since the Temple hill was not in the city of Dand, it would seem that the tower in question was not on the Temple hill. Josephus, in relatinjj the history of this period, calls the tower 'the AKra,' — a terra which, as before noticed, he applies to citadels both in the upper and in the lower city. He, however, places the Gr. fortress in the lower city, which was then high, over- looking [vTTcpKttfiii'rj) the Temple {Ant. xil. v. 4). From this citadel Nicanor came down to (elt) the Temple (XII. x. 5), and the citadel lay over (^Wkcito) the Temple (XII. ix. 3). In another place he says that the Akra wa.s no other than the lower city ( H'ars, V. vi. 1), and this apparent contradiction is explained in the passage which relates how Simon, brother of Judas Alaccabieus, took the Gr. citadel, and levelled the hill on which it stood, so that the Temple might be higher than it (li\pri\6Tepoi/ J t6 t(p6y), a work which occupied three years (Atit. XIII. vi. 6). The tower (^ 'Axpo) of 1 Mac is thus identified by Jos. with Akra, afterwards the lower city. He distinctly explains this in another passage {Wars, v. iv. 1), where he says that the Temple ridge {\6tf>ot) was naturally lower than the Akra, and sejjarated from it by a broad valley (^dpayyi). which the Hasmonoeans filled up in order to join the city to the Temple, and demolished the tower so that the Temple might be higher than it. Before the destruction of the Gr. tower Jonathan built a wall in the middle of the city (1 Mac 12^, Ant. XIII. v. 11), which divided the Jews from the Greeks. It seems clear that such a wall — which may have run along the N. face of the hill of the upper city — could not have atl'ected a citadel on the Temple hill. Some recent writers have supposed this citadel to have stood N. of the Temple, where Baris — the later Antonia — was subsequently built by the Hasmonoeans {Ant. XV. xi. 4), this view being supporteil by the Eng. tr. {Ant. XII. ix. 3), whicli makes tlie Akra 'adjoin' the Temple, — an incorrect rendering. It is clear that if the site of the Akra was levelled it cannot have been the same high rock still existing, on which — by general consent — Baris or Antonia is held to have been built, apparently by John Hyrcanus {Ant. xvill. iv. 3), though, as already shown, towers there probably existed inNehemiah's time and earlier. Most modem plans (including the Ord. Surv. of Jems., which shows Akra W. of tlie Temple) aCTee in placing the lower city N. of the upper and \V. of the Temple. The valley W. of the Temple may thus conveniently be termed in future the Hasraontean Valley, which they filled in with the soil from the Akra hill when it was lowered.