JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
597
ns approximately the course of the first wall, and the starting-point of the second on the W., while remains of the third can also be laid down on the man from measurements and angles taken by Dr. liobinson. The points still requiring study on the ground aft'ect the farther course of the second wall, and the point at which the first Avail crossed the Tjropoeon Valley. A fine flight of broad steps discovered close to Siloam on the north may inaik the positioi. of the ' stairs from the city of David ' in the Tyropccon.
The various Pools of ancient Jerus. have been described, and it is only necessary to add that the great pool in the Hinnom Valley, now called Jiirhet es-Siiltdn, did not exist till the l'2th cent., though called in the 14th 'The lower pool of Gihon.' The wall of its dam bears an irscription of A.D. 1537. In the 12th cent, it was huVJ, by the Germans, and is called * the German Lake aud the ' New Cistern ' {Citez de Jherusalem after A.D. 1187, and Theodoric A.D. 1172; Cartulary of Holy Sep. Nos. 1G9, 170). In addition to Pilate's Aq,ie- duct on the S. there was a conduit to the royal towers (Jos. Wars, V. vii. 2), perhaps the older conduit of the upper pool. Such a conduit still enters the city from the Birket Mamilla on the W. An aqueduct has also been found on the W. slope of Bezetha leading to the fosse N. of Antonia. It seems to have collected rain water from the rocks N. of the city to fill the fosse. It is con- tinued through the rock of Antonia, in a narrow passage to w'liich Jos. alludes, in connexion with f^trato's Tower and Antonia {Ant. XIII. xi. 2; Wars, I. iii. 4), and it i.s now closed at the end by the ^Jaram wall, inside which, not far oft', is a large cistern to which the passage — if used as an aqueduct — may have led. It would seem to have been cut before the time of Herod, perhaps by the Hasmona\ins, and to h.ave existed — as did the Antonia fosse — in the time of Pompey. It may, however, have served as a secret exit from a window in the 5aram wall, which ha.s been found above the passage. The oldest Jerus. aqueduct is, however, probably that of Ilezekiah, leading from Gihon to Siloam. The inscription found near its m.iith in 1881 is cut on the roiK wall of the tunnel, and records in ancient Heb. letters the fact that the tunnel was be^in from both ends, the parties meeting in the middle, and tliat it was 1200 cubits long. The length as chained is 1058 ft. long,
fiWng a cubit of 16 in. The point of junction was etermined by the surveyors near the centre. The course of this tunnel is very winding, and the level appears to have been lowered near the mouth to obtain a proper flow. The aqueduct branches out of a passage at the back of the Gihon pool, leading to a shaft with steps re.rching up to the Bnrface of the Ophel hill at the probable site of the Water Gate. (As to the question.^ that have been raised regarding the date of this inscription see the Literature cited in art. Hezekiah, p. 377', footnote).
The existing Tombs of the city include the monument of Helena already noticed, in an under chamber of which de Saulcy discovered a sarco- phagus bearing an Aram, inscription, with the name of 'nueen Sarah,' and early Uom. coins. Sarah may liave been the native name of Helena. The monuments of Hcrod have also been noticed, and the tomb of .Ananus ( Wars, v. xii. 2). On the E. side of the Kidron are four fine monuments in Gr.-.Iewish style, not unlike that of the Pctra tombs. The most northerly (now called Absalom's Tomb) has a masonry cupola, and is possibly the tomb of Alex. Janna-us {ffart, v. xii. 2), which lay in this direction. The so-called Tomb of St. James is a true Jewish chamber, vfith an outer Doric porch bearing, in early square Heb., the
names of priests of the Bene Hezir family, and probably cut about A.D. 50. The other two mona- ments to the S. are uninscribed, but of the same period. The Tombs of the Judges (so called) belong to the Rom. period, and near them is a broken tomb with a fragment of Aram, inscription of about the 1st cent. A.D. Immediately W. of the knoll of Jeremiah's Grotto (the possible site of Calvary) are remains of a Je^^■ish tomb, with an additional chamber in the Gr. style. There is a large cemetery near, with Christian tombs of the Byzantine and Crusaders' ages, interspersed with some which bear mediseval Jewish texts. The tombs S. of the Hinnom Valley are also Byzantine, bearing texts which connect them with the Church of St. Sion on the hill of the upper city hard by. The so-called Tomb of Simon the Just, N. of Jerus., is also a Greek tomb.
Before describing the remains of the Temple and of Antonia, a word may be added as to Inscriptions discovered at Jerusalem. The majority of these are Byzantine Greek-Christian texts and tomb- stones of Crusaders. An inscription of Hadrian La built upside down into the S. wall of the Temple. Another of the time of Trajan (dating A.D. 117), found in the upper city, records the worship of Serapis at Jerusalem. The osteophagi on Olivet bear Gr. names, and in one case a Heb. text is marked with a cross, as though belonging to a Jewish Christian. They date probably from the 2nd to the 4th cent. A.D. Later Jews have also cut their names on the Temple walls, but the only Jewish texts previous to A.D. 70 are those above mentioned on the tombs, the Siloam Text, probably written about B.C. 702,* and the boundary stone of the Temple enclosure, with Gr. inscrip- tion excludin" strangers.