From the Hasmonjean period we pass on to consider Jerus. as it existed under Herod the Great, and at the time of the great siege by Titus ; and here the accounts given by Jos. are easily understood, and accord ^vith tne earlier topography of OT. Tacitus gives us a short de- garden. Zee 1410), • the suburbs ' (parbarimy close to the Temple (2 K 2311), and the middle city (2 K 20") or middle court (MSS •nd all versions). The site ot the lliddle Gate (Jer 393) jg anknown. The gate Sballechetb (1 Cb 2616) was by a causeway W. of the Temple. v / J j
• Perhaps 'colonnade.' The word (T319 In 1 Ch 2618, c-rns B 2 K 23") is apparently Persian, and means properly tomething tighted, namely, by the sun.
scription {Hist. v. 11. 12), in which he states that Jerus. occupied two hilLs, with great walls with flanking portions, and crags with towerB 60 ft. above the crags, or 120 ft. high when on the fiat ground. There were other walls under the royal palace, and the tower of Antonia was particularly conspicuous. There was a fountain of water which ran perpetually, and the mountains were hollowed beneath, and i)ools and cisterns made for rain water. This brief notice agrees with the more detailed account by Josephus. He states ( ii'ars, v. iv. 1, 2) that Jerus. had tliree walls on the only side (the N.) on which it was not defended by im]iass- able valleys. It was founded on two hills facin" (drriTrpAiruijros) each other, and these were divided by a valley in which the houses eniled (KaHXtiyov) on either side {iiriW-qXai). The hill which sup- ported (on the S.W.) the upper city {Hif ivu iriXir IX'^i') w-as by far the highest and largest. It was the fortress {ippovpi.oi') of David, and the Upper Agora of the time of Josephus. The other hill (to the N.W.) was called Akra (not the Akra), and was gibbous (d^0Iicu/»Tos) in shape. Over against (im-iKpv) this was a third ridge {\6(/>oi), naturally lower than Akra, and separated from it by the broad valley filled in by the Hasmonfeans. The valley dividing the upper and lower city was called Tyropceon ('of tlie cheescmakers '), and reached to Siloam. This is clearly the deep, broad valley, or recess, described under the head ' >Jatural Site, which falls E., on the N. -side of the upper city, and joining the Hasmoniean Valley runs down to meet the Kidron at Siloam. The original city stood on the two hills, and the third to the E. was the Temple ridge. In another passage {Ayit. XV. xi. 5) Jos. savs that the city was placed opposite the Temple like a theatre, girt with a deep valley (that of Hinnom) on the S. Opposite Antonia was a fourth hill called Bezetha (which Jos. renders 'the new city'), separated from that citadel bj' a deep fo.sse. It is not impossible that this word is the Aram. Bezatha (Mnun [?]), ' division.' (.Schiirer, HJP l. ii. 2,'?9 n., thinks it is xn'i n'3 ' place of olives'). It was the N. part of the Temple ridge divided off by the still existing rookcut fos.se. Jos. next describes the walls, of which the lirst was attri- buted to David and Solomon, and later kings. The First Wall ran E. from the tower Hippicus to the Xystus, under the W. wall of the Temple, and this N. face of the wall seems to be the same wall in tlie middle of the city built by the Hasmona'ans. Hippicus stood at the N.W. angle, and was one of three royal towers {JVars, II. xvii. 1), the other two being Phasaelus and Mariamne. They stood close to Herod's palace in the upper city {]yars, I. xxi. 1, II. xvii. 6, V. iv. 4, VI. viii. 1), and varied in height, though apparently, according to Tacitus {Hist. V. 11), the tops of the towers were on a level. This was due to the vaiying height of the rock basis, and these towers possibly correspond with the three main towers of the modern citadel, that which is popularly known as Hippicus being the largest, and corresponding to Phasaelus, the largest royal tower. Phasaelus had an outer ' cloister,' and the great 'Tower of David' is still distin- guished by an outer walk roun<l it, at the toji of the scarp of the main ditch. From Hippicus the old wall, on the W. side of the upper city, ran S. to Betliso (already noticed as perhaps meaning the ' House of Dung ), which lay where the dunghills of the city are still placed. It passed a gate called the (late of the Essenes, and its S. face extended to Siloam, where it bent, and evidently left the pool outside, since the Romans drew water at Siloam before the city was taken ( Wars, v. ix. 4). On the E. it passed by Solomon's Pool (prob Gihon), and reached to Uphel, where it joined the E. cloister of the Temple. The Tyropceon Valley,
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
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as already explained, was divided from the upper Uinnuin Valley bj' a narrow neck of land, close to the royal towers. It is remarkable that in this valley of ' Cheeseraakers ' there is still a street where fresh cheeses are sold, and the modern features of the city generally — the fortress of Antonia, tlie castle at the royal towers, the Temple itself, the situation even of the dunyhills outside the wall — retain to the present day the same character as in the time of Josephus. The main market of Jerus. Ls placed just where the Upper A),'ora of Herodian times, and of Neheraiah's age, must have existed. The Second Wall is more briefly described. It started from a j;ate called Gennatn (prob. the 'garden' gate of the palate), which was in the first wall, and circling' round (KvK\oviJiei'oi>) enclosed the N. part only (rd TrpoaapxTLov Mfia liivov) reaching to Antonia. It thus defended Akra or the lower city. It is clearly probable that this wall was built on high ground, and more likely to have crossed the neck of high land already noticed than to have dived down into the Tyropteon, more than lUO ft. below the ground outside it. But if it went ' in a curve,' and started from this point near Phasaelus, it must have also enclosed, or run close to, the high knoll now shown as Calvary. What is known of the rock in this part indicates the existence of a broa<l trench, W. and N. of the knoll in question, which may have been the fosse of the second wall which, joining Antonia — the modem barracks — at its N.W. an^le, was also pro- tected by the Bezetha fosse, which is traceable \V. of Antonia. The discovery of part of an ancient wall N. oi the royal towers will be noticed under the heading 'Antiquities.