B96
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
Kueiziba still further S. It still brings water along the S. slope of the \i\>yeT city to the Temple enclosure {Ant. XVUI. ui. 2; see Talm. Bub. Joma 31«).
The places noticed in NT in or near Jerus. — Bethesda, Gethsemane, and Calvary — have been separately treated. Bethesda was very probably the same as Gihon. Calvary cannot be located with certainty, but is now regarded by many as the knoll 5f. of the Damascus (late, which was outside the third wall, at the so-called ' Jeremiah's Grotto.' See, further, art. Golootha. The Judg- ment Uall of Pilate (Jn IS'*) appears to have been distinct from Herod's palace (Lk 23'), and was probably in Antonia. 'The I'avement (XiSoVt/jmto;-), called Gabbatha (wh. see) in Aram., was in this hall (Jn 19"), and Jos. uses this term in speaking of the Temple pavement ( Wars, VI. i. 8). The site of the high priest's palace (Mt 26", Mk 14", Lk 22", Jn 18'°) was probably also near the Temple.
Talmudic notices of Jerus. (see Neubauer, 0(og. Tdlm. s.v.) are of little value, unless from the Mislina. An ancient rose garden is said to have existed (Talra. Bab. Bnba ^amma 82(7). All tombs and tanneries were outside the town (Alishna, Baba Bathra, ii. 9), but ancient tombs were suspected to e.\ist tinder the surface {Parah iii. 2), and founda- tions were consequently not dug deep (i?«6a fCamwi vii. end). Only the royal tombs and that of Huldah were allowed within the walls (Tosephta, Baba Bathra, ch. i. ). The upper and lower markets are noticed (Tosephta, Sanlted. ch. 14), and there were two places cEilled Betzain (|"VS3), an upper and a lower, in Jerusalem. The lower dated from Ezra's ape, the upper was included in Jerus. by a later king, and lay on the 'weak' (that is, the N.) side (Talm. Jer. Sanhed. v. ; Tosephta, Sanhcd. ch. 3 ; Talm. Bab. Shebuoth 16a; Megdlath Taanitk, ch. 6). This word seems to mean a 'cutting' or 'fosse,' and the upper Betza may be the Bezetha fosse. A
glace called Beth Mamila is also noticed (Talm. ab. Erubin 516, Sanhed. 24a ; Bereshith Rabba, ch. 51), the name of which may survive at the Birket Mnmilla, W. of the city. The 'market of fatteners' and the 'wool market' were towards the N. (Mishna, Enihin x. 9; see Jos., Wars, v. ^■iii. 1, where the wool, cloth, and braziers' markets are placed just inside the second wall); and the pagan fullers occupied the upper market (Mishna, Shekalim viii. 1). The Stone of Proclamation (Mishna, Taanith iii. 8), where lost property was cried, seems to have been in the lower city. The tomb of Kalba Shebuya — a rich man of the time of the great siege (Talm. Bab. Gittin 56a) — is placed by modem Jewish tradition at the tomb of Helena of Adiabene. The tomb of the Sanhedrin (popu- larly of the judges) and that of Simon the .Just are also shown by tlie Jews N. of the city. They are Gr. -Jewish monuments.
Space will not allow of any account of the later Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Norman, or recent topo- graphy of Jerusalem. The important points have been noticed in speaking of the history. The obliteration of the older ruins in later times must be carefully held in view in considering existing remains, and the medieval traditions often con- fuse a topography which is only to be studied in the Bible and in Joaephus.
V. AxTlQcriTlES. — Theexisting antiquities dating before A.D. 70 include the remains of the city walls, towers, pools, aqueducts, and tombs, together with the foundations of the temple walls, its bridges and gates, and the site of Antonia with its outer fosse. The extant inscriptions are few. Many of these ruins have been brought to light by excava- tion since 1867. They are mingled with later remains, such os the Ecce Homo Arch, — probably erected by Hadrian or his successors, — the work of
Constantine and Justinian, the wall of Euioxia, and the numerous churches and chapels of Bj'zant. and 12th cent, origin; while the Temple Area ia covered with the buildings of the Khalifs succeed- ing'A bd el-Melek. The remains of Walls, as yet known, belong chiefly to t\ie Jirst wall. Its N. face followed the steep slopes and dill's which are shown, by observations of the rock in house foundations, to have formed the N. side of the hill of the upper city. The royal towers still present, in their lower courses, the large drafted masonry of Herod's age, which occurs also in the Temple walls ; but a later sloping scarp was added outiude the walks which surround the so-called Tower of David (prob. Phosaelus), by the Crusaders. At the Protestant cemetery, south of the present S. W angle of the Turkish wall, a rock scarp, with pro- jecting rock bases for towers, was explored in 1874-5. It has recently (1894-6) been traced east- wards, and it is generally allowed to represent the S.W. angle of the ancient wall. Dr. Bliss has traced a wall thence to Siloam — where it was explored by Dr. Guthe in 1881 — enclosing the pool. The cliaracter of the masonry is that distinctive of the Byzantine age, and the wall appears to be that built by Eudoxia (about B.C. 450), which enclosed Siloam. The pool, as shown above, was outside the walls in A.D. 70. Under this wall, however, in parts, on the S. slope of the upper citj". Dr. Bliss has found remains of an older wall generally of rouglier masonry. In one part the Byzantine wall is not carried to the rock, but re.sts on rubbish under which the old wall was hidden. A gate towards the west of the south face of the upper city wall belongs to the older period, but was renewed in the later times. This seems to answer to the gate of the Essenes noticed by Jos., and it is possibly the Dung Gate of Neh. in Bethso. The point wliere the old wall crossed the Tyropoeon above Siloam is still unknown, but on Ophel Sir C. Warren dis- covered a line rampart under the surface, running S. from the S.E. corner of the Haram enclosure for 70 ft., and then S.W. for 700 ft., -vvith a great tower near this end, 80 ft. face and 20 ft. pro- jection. The upper part of the wall is of masonry like that of the modem S. wall of Jerus., but this appears to have been re-used. The first 20 ft. from the foundations present a rough rubble of moderate dimensions, not unlike the masonry of the old wall found by Dr. Bliss. This is founded, not on rock, but on red virgin soil. The rock was traced farther S. on Ophel by Dr. Guthe in 1881, and the nia-sonry then found was of Byzantine character. Although the older wall thus traced in parts, from the gate of the Essenes to the E. cloister of the Temple, does not usually present in situ tlie fine masonry of the Herodian age, it is possible that the rude foundations may belong to Neliemiah's age, the wall erected on them having been used up by later builders in the present city wall and in the upper part of the Temple ramparts. As regards the iicondwall, it is impossible to trace it under the b )uses of the modem city ; but in 1883 a wall of masonry like that of tne royal towers was found, running N. on the neck of high land W. of the Amygdalon Pool. This is probably part of the second wall. The third wall was still traceable outside the city when Dr. Robinson visited Jerus. half a cent, ago (BRI" i. 315), but the only remains of its course now traceable are the scarp E. of the Damascns Gate, and possibly the remains of a tower on a rocky knoll N. of the gate and W. of the main N. road, where the Women's Towers appear to have marked an angle in the wall. Tliere are some fine stones in the side of a tank farther N., which may have belonged to the third wall, but the}' are not apparently m situ. It will, however, be seen that exploration has now shown