The Third Wall of Jerus. had no existence till after t'e Crucilixion, being that of Agrippa(^n<. XIX. vU. 2; Wars, v. iv. 2). It ran from Hippicus to a great octagonal tower called Psephinus, at its N.\v. corner — a place whence a wide view was obtained, and consequently on very high ground. Thence it ran E. to the Women's Towers, opposite the tomb of Helena, widow of the king of Adiabene, which was 3 furlongs from Jeru.s. (Ant. XX. iv. 3), and ace. to Pausanias had a rolling stone at its entrance (Grecice Descript. viii. 16). Jerome states that it lay E. of the great N. road (Epit. Paula:), and these indications point to the conspicuous monument in Gr. -Jewish style, with a rolling stone at the door, which is now called the 'Tomb of the Kings.' If the measurement is correct, the third wall must have run farther N. than the pre- sent N. wall of Jerusalem. Some suppose it to have followed the present line throughout, placing Psephinus — in accordance with media-val traditioa — at the castle of the Vis!\,ns(I\ril'at JiiliUl), a ruined 12th cent, castle near the N.W. corner of modern Jeru.salem. Kobinson, however, found traces of an ancient wall running N.W., in continuation of the present wall, towards the high ground on the watershed mar the present Unssian cathedral, where probably Psephinus stood.
Jos. says that the third wall stretched a long way (n-qKvv'itj.fvoi') l)y the royal caverns, after passing the point opposite Helena's monument, and here it must have stood on the same scarp occupied by the modern wall, E. of the Damascus Gate, in which scarp is the entrance to these caverns or quarries umler the city. It then bent (prob, at the existing N.E. angle, which has a rock scarp and fosse), and from the corner tower (still extant), near the .Monument of the Fuller (■>'>'oi>/wt), it ran to meet the old wall (apparently of the Teni|ile) by the Kidron Valley. This general dcBcription offers no great diHic\iIties, ami tne only poir's in dispute are the exact line of the second wall, and of the third wall towards the W. As regards the first point, it should be further noticed
that Jo8 describes a great pool called Araygdalon, where the 10th and loth Legions encamped in attacking the upper city on the N.W. {Wars, v. XL 4). The name seems to mean ' almoml pool, but perhaps stands for Ham-migdalon, ' I'ool of the Great Tower,' from its proximity to Phasaelus. It is usually identified with the existing Il'imindin el-Batrak, the ' upper pool ' alreadj' noticed. Thia pool is not mentioned till after the taking of the second wall, and seems to have lain inside its circuit, which agrees with the course of the wall
generally advocated. Those who regard the tra- itional Calvary as the true site seek to trace the second wall on the lower ground, S. and E. of the Calvary knoll, in which case it is almost impossible so to draw its lines as to allow of its both running ' in a circle,' and also avoiding the deej) broaa Tyropceon, which has its head close to the Vj. side of the pool Amygdalon. If the second wall ran close to the knoll, the tliird wall cannot have coin- cided, on the N.W., with the present city w.all, which is too clo.se to the line so traced. The whole question is thus mainly influenced by opinion as to the site of Calvary.
In concluding this account of the topography about A.D. 70, various places noticed by Jos. may be briefly mentioned. On the N., 7 furlongs from the city, was Scopus (]Vars, II. xix. 7, v. 3), near the present village Shnfat, a high ridge com- manding a view of Jerusalem. Close to Antonia w.-is the pool Struthius (Wars, V. xi. 4), prob. the later Pi.scina Interior, recently discovered VV. of the Church of St. Anne. E. of the Kidron, on Olivet, was a ])lace called the Rock of the Dovecots (7-^t irepiaTtpidvo^), and just N. of the village of Siloam is a quarrj' with remains resembling a dovecot ( Warn, V. xii. 2 ; see Ord. Survey Notes, p. 64). On the S. was the tomb of Ananus, which is pussilily the Gr.-Jewish tomb in the clill' S. of the llinnum Valley, close to its junction with the Kidron, now known as the ' retreat of the apostles,' and used — as is shown bj' remains of frescoes — as a cha|)el in the Miilille Ages. W. of Jerus. were ' Herod's monu- raent.s,' near the Serpent Pool ( Wars, V. iii. 2, vii. 2, xii. 2). The exact site is unknown, but a fine Gr.-Jewish masonry tomb has recently been dis- covered W. of the Upper Hinnom Valley, opposite the upper city. These places are noted as jioints on the wall of circumvallation, made by Titus after the third wall was taken. It ran along the E. slope of the Kidron, and outside the Hinnom Valley. On the N.W. it passed the camp of the Assyr., which was outside the second wall (Wars, V. xii. 2). Within the city there was a theatre, in an unknown position (Ant. XV. viii. 1), and the palace of the Hasmon:pans(^n<. xx. viii. 11 ; Wars, II. xvi. 3) overlooked the W. cloister of the TcMnjile, near the great bridge, and stood apparently on the cliir at tlie N.E. corner of the upper city. Other palaces of Agrippa, of Bcrnice, and of Helena are noticed ( If '((Ti, II. x>-ii. 0, IV. xix. ll,vi.vi. 1-3): the lirst may have been Herod's palace, but that of Helena (and of Monobasns her husband) wa-s in the lower citj', as were amiarently the Council house and the archives ( If ars, VI. vi. 3). The Xystus, or gj'mnasium, built by the high priest Jason (1 Mac 1"; Ant. Xll. v. 1), was near the great bridge, in the valley W. of the Temple (Wars, II. xvi. 2, 3. v. iv. 1, VI. iii. 2, viii. 1). riia Hippodrome S. of the Temple may bo the same na Herod's ihcatro (Wars, I. xxxiii. 6, II. iii. 1). .los. also speaks of .secret passages near the royal towers ami Heroil's palace (Wars, VI. viii. D, and such a iio-ssago still exists leading from the site of this palace underground towards the Temple hill. The city and Temple were supplied with watei bv Pilate's aqueduct, "i"*) furlongs long, from I'tham ('.-lin 'Atdn) S. of Bethlehem, and from 'Ain