MANI
nimity of the cave tradition a sign that it belongs to the original source of the Infancy history, and from the varieties of phraseology in the Greek narratives he conjectures that this source was Hebrew. It has been suspected (with what proba- bility it is impossible to say) that the cave stor grew out of the prophecy, Is 331° (‘ He shall dwell in a lofty cave,’ LXX), just as the prophecy in regard to Shiloh, Gn 494, led to the later addition in Lk 19” (‘a colt tied to α vine’). See Justin, Apol. i. 32. Thomson, Land and the Book (vol. on Central Palestine and Phenicia, p. 35) says that many inns or khans have caverns below them, where cattle are sheltered, and where, built along the walls, are stone mangers which, ‘cleaned out and whitewashed as they often are in summer when not required for the animals, would make suitable cribs in which to lay little babies.’ He does not, however, say that he ever saw any little babies in them except his own. Over such a grotto, near Bethlehem, called the Grotto of the ativity, now stands the Church of St. Mary ; and the grotto contains a manger ; but (adds Thomson) ‘the real manger was transported to Rome.’ Lrreratur&.—Petri Horrei, Miscell. critic. libri duo, ii. pp. 241-416 (utrum de spelunca an de stabulo), Leovardiw, 1738 ; Schleusner, Lexic. Vet. Test. φά τνη ; Plummer on Lk 27 (Inter- nat. Comm.) ; Meyer-Weiss, ibid.; Farrar’s Life of Christ, p. 12 (illust. ed.) ; Keim, Jesus of Nazara (Eng. tr.), ii. 80; Eders- heim, Life and Times of Jesus, i. 185, li. 483; Texte und Untersuchungen (Gebhardt and Harnack), x. δ, pp. 124 ff.; and Thomson’s Land and the Book, and Tristram’s Land of Israel, as above quoted. J. MASSIE.
MANI (Mav), 1 Es 98%=Bant, Ezr 10”, as he is 2alled in 1 Es 513 (Baveé).
MANIFEST.—The verb to ‘manifest’ is used actively, passively, and reflexively. The active use is seen in Ee 318 (the only occurrence of the word in OT), ‘I said in mine heart concerning the estate of the sons of men, that God might manifest them, and that they, might see that they them- selves are beasts’ (0935, RV ‘that God may prove them’); and Jn 17°‘I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world’ (égavépwoa ; RV ‘I manifested’). In Jn 24 AV has ‘manifest forth’ (‘manifested forth his glory’) for the same verb, RV ‘manifested.’ It is a favourite verb with St. John, occurring 9 times in the Gospel and 9 times in the First Epistle, which are nearly half its occurrences in NT, The AV usually renders it ‘manifest’ or ‘make mani- fest,’ but also ‘appear’ (Mk 16!}4, 2 Co 5! 733, Col 34, He 9%, 1 P 54, 1 Jn 2% 33, Rev 33%), ‘shew’ (Jn 7* 211), and ‘manifestly declare’ (2Co 35). RV everywhere has either ‘manifest’ or ‘make manifest.’ The reflexive use of the verb ‘to mani- fest’ is found in Jn 14%-“; the passive is more common. The past ptep. is twice ‘manifest’ in- stead of ‘manifested,’ viz. 1 Ti 3 ‘God was manifest in the flesh’ (θεὸς ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί; RV, reading és for θεός, ‘ He who was manifested in the flesh’); and 1 P 1° ‘who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was mani- fest in these last times for you’ (φανερωθέντος, RV ‘was manifested’), The meaning is not exactly the same as now, if indeed we use the verb ‘to manifest’ at all. It is to uncover, lay bare, reveal. Cf. Cromwell (in Prolegomena to Tindale’s Pent. by Mombert, p. xlii), ‘The Kinge highnes therfor hathe commaunded me to advurtyse you that is plesure ys, that ye should desiste and leve any ferther to persuade or attempte the sayde Tyndalle to cum into this realme; alledging, that he perceyving the malycyous, perverse, uncharyt- able, and indurate mynde of the sayd Tyndall, ys in man[er] with owt hope of reconsylyacyon in hym, and is veray joyous to have his realme
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destytute of such a person, then that he should retourne into the same, there to manyfest his errours and sedycyous opynyons.’ An earlier meaning—‘ detect,’ ‘disclose’—is seen in Rhem. NT, Mt 8 "ing “beyond the sea he manifesteth the devil’s malice agaynst man in an heard of swine.’
The adj. ‘manifest’ signifies ‘open to sight, un- covered’ (not ‘evident to reason,’ as now). Thus Wis 12” ‘thou makest their boldness manifest’ (τὸ θράσος ἐξελέγχεις ; RV ‘ puttest their boldness to con- fusion’) ; He 413 ‘ Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight’ (ἀφανής) ; 95 ‘the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest’ (μήπω πεφανερῶσθαι) ; 1 Jn 3 ‘In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the devil’ (φανερά ἐστι τὰ τέκνα. Cf. Shaks. J Henry VI. 1. iii. 33, ‘Stand back, thou manifest conspirator.’
The adv. manifestly means openly, visibly 2Es 14° ‘In the bush I did manifestly reve myself unto Moses’ (revelans revelatus sum); 2 Mac 3% ‘manifestly they acknowledged the power of God’ (φανερῶς). ch Dt 278 Tind. ‘And thou shalt write uppon the stones all the wordes of this lawe, manyfestly and well’; and Rhem. NT, Lk 8 »s4ing « He preacheth to the Iewes in parables because of their reprobation ; but to the Disciples manifestly, because he wil not for the Llewes incredulity have his cumming frustrate.’