Manifestation occurs but rarely, Wis 15 ‘the sound of his words shall come unto the Lord for the manifestation of his wicked deeds’ (els ἔλεγχον ; AVm ‘for the reproving,’ RV ‘to bring to conviction’); Ro 8" ‘For the earnest expecta- tion of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God’ (τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν, RV ‘the re- vealing’); 1 Co 127 ‘the manifestation of the Spirit is on ee man to profit withal’ (ἡ ¢avépwors), and 2 Co 43 ‘by manifestation of the truth’ (τῇ φανερώσει, RV ‘by the manifestation’). So Lk 15 Rhem., ‘And the childe grew, and was strength- ened in spirit, and was in the deserts until the day of his manifestation to Israel.’ J. HASTINGS.
MANIFOLD is properly ‘of many kinds,’ ‘ vari- ous,’ as Howell, Letters, iv. 47, ‘The Calamities and Confusions which the late Wars did bring upon us were many and manifold.’ And so it is used sometimes in AV: Wis 7” ‘in her is an understanding spirit, holy, one only, manifold’ (πολυμερές, Vulg. multiplex); 1 P 15 ‘Ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations’ (ἐν ποι- κίλοις πειρασμοῖς) ;" 410 ‘as good stewards of the manifold grace of God’ (ποικίλης χάριτος) ; Eph 310 ‘the manifold wisdom of God’ (ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία, the only occurrence of this word in NT. See Abbott, m Jloc.). But elsewhere the word means no more than ‘many,’ Neh 9" * ‘manifold mercies’ (0°33, LXX πολλοί); Am 5” ‘manifold transgressions’ (0°32, LXX πολλοί) ; Ps 104% ‘ How manifold are thy works’ (3r9>; LXX ὡς ἐμεγα- λύνθη; Vulg. quam magnificata); Sir 51° ‘from the ΑΛΑΙΟΙΣ afflictions which I had’ (ἐκ πλειόνων θλίψεων).
In Lk 18” ‘manifold’ is an adv., ‘There is no man that hath left house... who shall not receive manifold more’ (πολλαπλασίονα, Vulg. multo plura; Wye. ‘many mo thingis’; Tind. ‘moche moore,’ and all VSS till the Bishops ‘manifold more’), The adv. ‘manifoldly’ is used in Rhem. NT,
* The adj. attached to these temptations, says Salmond (Pop. Com. on NT, iv. 158), is used in the classics to describe the many-coloured leopard or peers the a | Proteus, the richly-wrought robe or carpet, the changefu months, the intricate oracles, What a picture does this epithet ‘manifold,’ which is applied by St. Peter also to the grace of God (410), by St, James again to temptation (1%), and elsewhere to such things as the divers diseases healed by Christ (Mt 4%), present of the number, the diversity, and the changefulness of these trials !
236 MANIUS
Mc 27»ng «The chiefe of the Iewes accuse him to Pilate (his betrayer, and the Iudge, and the Iudge’s Wife, testifying in the meane time mani- fodly (sic) his innocencie).’ J. HASTINGS.
MANIUS, AV MANLIUS (Μάνιος A and V, Syr. ; Μάνλιος al., Manilius Vulg.).—According to 2 Mac 11*-88 Quintus Memmius and Titus Manius were two Roman legates (πρεσβῦται) in the East, who sent a letter to the Jews after the first campaign of Lysias (B.C. 163), confirming the concessions made by the Syrian chancellor. But there are many reasons against accepting as genuine either this letter or the three others contained in the same chapter. From 1 Mae 4555 it appears that the first expedition of Lysias took place in B.C. 165, before the re-dedication of the temple and the death of Antiochus Epiphanes. No mention is there made of negotiations between the Jews and Lysias, who is simply stated to have returned to Antioch to collect new forces. The supposed con- cessions seem to rest upon a confusion of this expedition with a second, which took place about three years later. The names given to the Roman commissioners raise further difficulties. Polybius records the names of several Roman /egati in Asia about this period, but neither Q. Memmius nor T. Manius is to be found among them. Possibly one of the persons intended was Manius Sergius, who, with C. Sulpicius, was sent to Syria shortly before the death of Antiochus Epiphanes (Polyb. ΧΧΧΙ. ix. 6, cf. xii. 9, xxiii. 9). It is, moreover, a suspicious circumstance that the date of the sup- posed Roman letter should be exactly the same as that of the letter of Eupator (15th of Xanthicus, y.°3), and that the year should be given according to the Seleucid era. Finally, we learn from 1 Mac 8 that Judas Maccabzeus first entered into com- munication with the Romans after the landing of Demetrius (B.C. 162) and the death of Nicanor. It is, no doubt, possible that some foundation of fact underlies the correspondence contained in 2 Mac 11, but in their present form and present connexion none of the letters can be regarded as historical. (Cf. Rawlinson and Zéckler, ad Joc.).
H. A. WHITE.
MANKIND.—In Ly 1833 2018. ‘mankind’ means men as opposed to women, the male sex. Cf. Shaks. Timon of Athens, Iv. 111. 491—
‘I love thee,
Because thou art a woman, and disclaim’st Flinty mankind.’
MANLY, MANLINESS.—‘ Manly’ occurs once as an adj. (2 Mac 751 ‘with a manly stomach,’ ἄρσενι θυμῷ, RV ‘with manly passion’), and once as an adv. (2 Mac 1035 ‘Twenty young men... assaulted the wall manly,’ ἀῤῥενωδῶς, RV ‘with masculine force’). ‘Manliness’ is used in 1 Mac 45, 2 Mac §7 1418 of the valour of soldiers in battle.
MANNA (jp man; LXX μάννα ; Vulg. man, manhu, manna).—A substance which fell along with the dew, or was rained around the Hebrews’ camp during their 40 years’ wilderness life. It was in flakes or small round grains, like hoarfrost, white, in appear- ance like coriander seed or bdellium, and in taste was like thin flour-cakes with honey, or like fresh oil (Ex 16" 15-81, Nu 117-8). It was gathered every morning except on Sabbath, and a double ortion on Friday morning. If kept overnight it became corrupt, and bred worms, except on the Sabbath day. The supply continued until they came to a land inhabited, to the border of Canaan, Ex 1085 (P); or until they reached Gilgal, in the plain of Jericho, and ate the old corn of the land, Jos 5" (JE). During this time it was the chief part of their diet, but not their only food (Ly 83.35.31 94 10912