MANNER
245, Nu 73-19, Dt 2°, Jos 17). It is said to owe its name to the question sim }2 man hit, ‘what ™* is it?’ v.15 (E), asked by the people when it fell. For Egyptian affinities of the word, see Brugsch, HW B vi. 606; Ebers, Gosen, 236. As a perpetual memorial of this provision, Aaron was told to place a zinzeneth (pot or basket) full of it before the Testimony (ibs 1053), which was in the ark (25°). This vessel was of gold, He 94, but was not itself in the ark as there stated (see 1 Καὶ 8°). The manna is mentioned also in Neh 9”, and in Ps 78", where it is called the ‘corn of heaven’ and the ‘ bread of the mighty.’
Our Lord speaks ef the manna as typical of Himself, the true bread from heaven, conferring immortality on those who spi ritually become par- takers of His grace, Jn 6°! *5-®, St. Paul calls it ‘spiritual meat,’ and seems to regard it and the stream from the smitten rock as a type of the Eucharist (1 Co 10%), The ‘hidden manna’ is one of the rewards of ‘him that overcometh,’ Rev 227.
A sweet, semifluid substance called mann or mann es-samé (‘heavenly manna’) exudes in drops from the tarfad tree (Tamarix mannifera, Ehr.), the ὅσων of the Hebrews, when it is punctured by an insect, Gossyparia mannipara (Hardwicke, Asiat. Research, xiv. 182, also Ehrenberg, but doubted by Ritter). This is collected in the desert by Arabs, and sold to pilgrims. A second kind, the terengabina of Ibn Sina, is yielded by a thorny le inous shrub, Alhagi Camelorum, Fisch., and ὈΪΡΕΣ allied species in Arabia and neighbouring countries. A third sort, the Sirachosta of the Arabians, is yielded by Cotoneaster nummularia in Herat (Haussknecht). Niebuhr describes a kind found on oaks, called‘afs or ballét, at Mardin in Digarbekr. This oak-honey is mentioned by Hesiod, Op. et Di. v. 230f., and Ovid, Met. i. 112. For stories of manna found on the ground in open places, not dropping from plants, see Athenzus,
eipnos. xi. 102, and Wellsted, Arabia, ii. 409.
e manna of commerce (not now in the Phar- macopeia) is a sickly-smelling, sweet, laxative exudation from the flowering ash Fraxinus Ornus, L., and F. rotundifolia, and mostly comes from Calabria. None of these could be the manna of Exodus, which was a miraculous substance. These only flow in small quantities, and all the tamarisks in the desert could not have yielded the daily pro- vision of more than 300 tons. They only flow at special seasons—May to August (Burckhardt), or
ugust and September (Breydenbach, Retssbuch, i. 193). They are physiologically insufficient as food, can keepindefinitely, and could not be cooked asthe manna was. The Sabbatic intermission and final cessation likewise show that it was not a natural substance; besides, while it could be ground in mills, beaten in mortars, seethed in pots: or baked by artificial heat into cakes, yet, if not gathered, it volatilized in the heat of the sun.
LrTERATURE.—The old authors are quoted and summarized in Fabri, Historia Manne, in Fabri and Reiske’s Opuse. Med. Arab. 1776, p. 83, and Reinke, Beitrdge zur Erkldrung d. Alt. Test. v. 305. See also Rosenmiller, Alterthumskwnde, iv. 316, and Curmann’s account given by Oedmann, Vermischte Samm- lungen aus der Naturkunde, vi. 7; cf. also Wellsted, Burck- hardt, Ehrenberg (who figures the ἐα γα), and Forskil.
A. MACALISTER.
MANNER.—The word ‘manner,’ to be traced back to Lat. manus, the hand, may be said to be originally the way of handling or managing
* Properly ‘who’?, as ap oie out by Dillm.-Ryssel, Ez-Lv,
p. 189, and Hommel, AH7 276%. The argument of the latter, or
that man (Arab. |») hu proves that the early Hebrews spoke
a pure Arabian dialect, is dealt with in Expos. Times, ix. p. 478, by Ed. Kénig, who doubts whether man hu was originally meant to be a question. It might be an imitation of an Egyp word mannu (so Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai®, 236 f.).
MANNER a thing. [ts uses in AV are sometimes obsolete, more often archaic and misleading. !
1. Method of action, way, as Mt 6° ‘ After this manner therefore pray ye’ (οὕτως) ; Lk 6% ‘In the like manner did their fathers unto the prophets’ (κατὰ ταῦτα, edd. κατὰ τὰ αὐτά); He 1} ‘in divers manners’ (πολυτρόπως). ᾿
2. Habitual method of action, custom, as Ru 47 ‘This was the manner in former time in Israel concerning redeeming’ (RV ‘custom’); Am 8% ‘They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beer-sheba liveth’ (yay7x2 Ws RV ‘the way of Beersheba,’ RVm ‘the manner’); * 2 Mac 418 “Such was the height of Greek fashions, and increase of heathenish manners’ (πρόσβασις ἀλλοφυλισμοῦ, RV ‘an advance of an alien religion’); 6° ‘ Whoso would not conform themselves to the manners of the Gentiles should be put to death’ (μεταβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὰ Ἑλληνικά ; RV ‘go over to the Greek rites’).
3. Sometimes it is custom in its origin, the regulation, or ordinance that afterwards becomes fixed as habit. Thus »5¥> is often tr. ‘manner,’ when RV prefers ‘ordinance’ in Lv 5% 753 96 Nu gis 1515. a 296. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 37, 1 Ch 2419 2 Ch 4°, Neh 88; ‘order’ in 2Ch 30%; ‘judgement’ in Ezk 23s; and leaves the rest unchanged (Gn 40, Ex 219, Lv 24", Jos 65, Jg 187, 1S 8% 10 11 1855. 2) KS 1Τ 1156 1755 δὲ..31.. 58-40" | Jer’ 8018), See also 2S 7°‘ And is this the manner of man, O Lord God?’ (0337 min, AVm ‘the law of man,’ RV ‘and this too after the manner of men,’ RVm ‘and is this the law of man?’)+; Est 213 ‘accord- ing to the manner of the women’ (o'¥37 ni3, RV ‘according to the law for the women’); Ac 22% ‘Taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers’ (κατὰ ἀκρίβειαν τοῦ πατρῴου νόμου, RV ‘according to the strict manner of the law,’ lit. ‘the strictness of the law’; it is the only occurrence of ἀκρίβεια in NT). Cf. Tindale’s tr. of Nu 1539 ‘ All the multitude shall offer a calfe for a burntofferynge to be a swete savoure unto the Lorde, and the meatofferynge and the drynk- offerynge there to, accordynge to the maner’; and of 19 ‘And this shalbe unto the childern of Israel and unto the straunger that dwelleth amonge them, a maner for ever. ;