A. R. 5. KENNEDY.
OUGHT.—1. ‘Aught’ and ‘ought’ are different forms of the same word. Aught is from a (=ever) and wiht (=thing, whit) as ought is from ὁ (=ever) and wiht. So the meaning is ‘ any thing whatever.’ The early forms were numerous. AV has only the form ‘ought,’ which RV everywhere changes into ‘aught,’ the modern form. See NAUGHT.
2. In AV 1611 ‘ought’ is found as the past tense of ‘owe’ in Mt 18%, Lk 7“. This was originally its use, but in time it was regarded as distinct from ‘owe,’ from which another past tense, ‘owed,’ was formed, and looked upon as a present with another meaning. Cf. Spenser, FQ U1. i. 44—
* Now were they liegmen to this Ladie free, And her knight's service ought, to hold of her in fee.’
J. HASTINGS.
OUTLANDISH.—Neh 13% ‘Even him did out- landish women cause to sin’ (π΄; OW37, LXX αἱ γυναῖκες al ἀλλότριαι). The Heb. word is usually tr ‘stranger’ (i.e. ‘foreigner’) in AV, and RV gives ‘strange women’ here. ‘Outlandish’ (from Anglo- Sax. utlendisc, an adj. fr. utland, foreign countries) is Coverdale’s word. Cf. Milton, Hist. Eng. v. ‘He had taken with him Alfrid his youngest son to be there inaugurated King, and brought home with him an out landish Wife; for which they endeavoured to deprive him of his Kingdom’; and Bunyan, PP p. 84 (Clar. Press ed.), ‘The Pilgrims were cloathed with such kind of raiment as was diverse from the raiment of any that traded in that fair. The
* Acc. to a very plausible, textual emendation, Ps 45138 (Heb. 14b) ghould read: mgaad nisayn De (so Krochmal, Graetz, Cheyne, Wellh.) ‘of pearls (set) in gold filigree (Cheyne. ‘in ouches of gold’) is her raiment.’
t ‘A silver shield with boss of gold’ (Wordsworth).
1 The ἀσείδισχαι of 1 Mac 457 are best taken in the same technical sense, as ornamental ‘rosettes’ or ‘bosses,’ rather than literally as ‘small shields.’
OUTRAGE
OWL
637
people therefore of the fair made a great gazing upon them. Some said they were Fools, some they were Bedlams, and some they are Outlandish-men.’ J. HASTINGS. OUTRAGE.—An outrage is that which goes be- yond bounds (being formed by adding the common suflix age to outre, Old Fr. oltre, from Lat. ultra, beyond). It occurs in the heading to Ps 10, ‘ David complaineth to God of the outrage of the wicked.’ The adj. outrageous is found in Pr 27* ‘anger is outrageous’ (lit. as RVm ‘anger is a flood’; Amer. RV ‘overwhelming’). For the prim. sense of the adj. οἵ. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, τ 36, ‘There be 1111. rowes or range of pylers thrughout ye church, of ye fynest marble yt may be, not onely mervay- lous for ye nombre, bat for he outragyous gretnes, length, and fayrenes thereof.’ J. HASTINGS.
OUTROAD is now lost to the Eng. language, though ‘inroad’ remains. It was never common, and occurs in AV only at 1 Mac 15" ‘ He set horse- men there, and an host of footmen, to the end that issuing out they might make outroads upon the ways of Judah’ (ἐξοδεύωσι).. RV retains the word here, and even introduces it into 1 Es 4% ‘A man taketh his sword and goeth forth to make out- roads’ (éfodevev; AV omits to translate). The same Gr. verb occurs in 2 Mac 12", but AV gives ‘went forth,’ RV ‘sallied forth.’ J. HASTINGs.
OVEN (“5 tanniir, xdiSavos).—The Arab. name is the same as the Heb., and the use of the tanniir to-day indicates, no doubt, the kind of oven in use formerly. It is commonly made by sinking a hole in the ground, 3 or 34 ft. deep, and 24 to 3 ft. in diameter, somewhat in the form of a large jar; the walls are plastered with cement that will resist the action of fire, which is kindled in the oven when it is tobe heated for use. The fuel is grass, thorns, or dry twigs (Mt 6”), which heat the oven rapidly, and of course blacken it with smoke and soot. This explains the allusion in La 5". The inner surface is wiped when it becomes ἘΠ ΟΙΘΗΕΙΥ heated, and the dough is moulded into broad thin loaves, hardly thicker than parchment, and placed, one at a time, on the wall of the oven by means of a large cushion, with a convex surface to fit the concave inner surface of the oven. The baking process is over in a few seconds. See BREAD, FURNACE. This form of oven is sometimes built above ground, and in Arabia sometimes on a movable base (Niebuhr, Deser. de Ar. pp. 45, 46). These ovens are usually outside the house, as the smoke would fill the dwelling if within. Often the same oven serves for several families (Lv 2055). This kind of oven is doubtless referred to in Ex 88, though the Egyptians had various kinds.
Large ovens, 6 to 8 ft. square, are used in bakeries at the present day, of brick or stone, raised 2 or 8 ft. from the ground, with an arched roof and chimney, to allow the escape of the smoke. The bottom is paved, and the fire burns at one side while the bread is being baked on the other. The loaves are introduced on a narrow wooden shovel, which will take several at a time, and by which they are turned and removed when baked. A kind of portable oven, called in Arabic adj, is much used by the nomads of Syria. It consists merely of a circular piece of sheet- iron, hemispherical in form, and is used by raising it on stones, concave side down, the fire being kindled under it, and the thin loaf placed on the convex surface.