arable ?’; Livingstone in Select Biog. i. 316, ‘Mr.
avid Dickson—a man singularly gifted with an edifying way of preaching, and whose painfull labours were eminently blessed with successe.’
‘ Painfulness’ also was used in the sense of care- fulness, industry, but in its only occurrence in AV the meaning is ‘ toilsomeness,’ 2 Co 11”, Gr. μόχθος, which is elsewhere (1 Th 2°, 2 Th 3%) rendered ‘travail,’ and that is accordingly the rendering of RV here also. Cf. Hooker, Deel. Pole wwii i. ‘The search of knowledge is a thing painful, and the painfulness of knowledge is that which maketh the will so hardly inclinable thereto.’
J. HASTINGS.
PAINT.—Mention is made Jer 22" of the paint- ing (πῦρ mashah) of interiors with vermilion, prob- ably after the manner of lacquer-work, which in a somewhat debased form is still practised in Damascus. The shields of the warriors of Nineveh were painted red, Nah 2. The variegation by colour was, however, chiefly by dyes in cloth, and by inlaying in wood, stone, and metal.
The a plication of paint was especially an art eatin y the ancient Egyptians, some of whose pigments were exceedingly beautiful, and have retained their freshness through the centuries.
The other biblical references are to the oe of the eyes, 2K 9”, Jer 4%, Ezk 23”. he sub- stance used for this purpose is antimony ("= pik, Arab. ku/l), and the act of applying it is >n> (kahal). It is pounded to a powder of extreme fineness, so that ‘as soft as kuAl’ has passed into a proverbial expression. The eyelids are held between two fingers and drawn forward a little, and then a fine rod covered with the black paste is drawn along between the edges of the eyelids. The powder does not irritate the delicate coating of the eye with which it comes in contact, but there is a collection of the panne under the eye- lid so as to produce actual distension. The eflect is one of apparent enlargement of the eyes, and this is further enhanced by a line of stain prolonging the eyelashes. While the result is universally acknowledged in the East to be ornamental, the motive is too obviously ostentatious to meet with approval among the more cultivated classes.
Among the Bedawin of the desert men as well According to
PALACE
640
PALESTINE
popular belief, it strengthens the eyes and protects against ophthalmia. See EYE-PAINT. G. M. MACKIE.
PALACE is used to tr. the following words :— 1. qx 'armdén, Am 45 σης [very dub.]; βάρις, βασί- λειον, θεμέλιον, etc.; palatium, domus, etc.; properly ‘citadel,’ probably connected with the root on ‘to be high’; chiefly used in Pss and Prophets, especi- ally Amos, 2. S29 Aékhal, βασίλειον, οἶκος, etc., palatium, ete., supposed to be derived, through the Assyr. ekallu, from the Akkadian e-gal, ‘great house.’ The same word is used more frequently in the sense of ‘temple’ as the house of J”. 3. 773 birdh, πόλις, Bdpis, οἶκος, etc., civitas, castrum, etc., properly ‘castle’; only in late post-exilic literature, Ch, Ezr, Neh, Est, Dn; in 1 Ch 29% of the temple at Jerusalem. 4. ΠΝ ‘appedhen, not tr. in LXX and Vulg.; only in Dn 11“=Old Pers. apaddna, ‘treasury,’* ‘armoury.’ 5. m3 bayith, 103. bithdn, ‘house.’ 6. ay> ¢irdh, only in Ezk 254, σκήνωμα, tentorium, RV ‘encampment,’ and Ca 89 ἔπαλξις, naculum, RV ‘turret,’ RVm ‘battlements.’ 7. αὐλή, atrium, ‘court.’ 8. mpa- τώριον, pretorium, the ‘ preetor’s court.’ Of these, 3 and 6 are incorrectly translated ‘palace.’ The other words used remind us that a ‘palace’ differs from other buildings only by the size and complexity necessitated by the private life and public functions of a ruler. Priiarils it is simply a large house (2, 5); so the Egyptian royal title Pharaoh or Palace (cf. Sublime Porte) means ‘great house’ ; and the ordinary OT term for ‘palace,’ in its strict sense of ‘ royal residence,’ is ‘the king’s house,’ or ‘his house,’ 1 K 7} 9°. 'Armén indicates that in troubled times a paler was a fortress ; (‘appedhen and) pretorium that, in early times, a palace in- eluded government offices, law courts, and prisons, Jer 32%, See, further, PRHTORIUM.
The only royal residence of which we have any details in the Bible is Solomon’s palace, 1 K 71:15, which took thirteen years to build. This included the ‘ House of the Forest of Lebanon,’ a great hall, 100 cubits long, 50 broad, 30 high, with four rows of pillars; a foe of pillars,’ 50 cubits by 30; the ‘porch of the throne’ for a court of justice; a dwelling-house for himself, and another for Pharaoh’s daughter. Round about the whole was a great court of hewn stones and cedar beams. The description was probably written while the buildings were still standing; but it is very ob- secure, and the text has suffered in transmission. Moreover, the account is obviously incomplete; the writer does not profess to mention all the apart- ments in the palace, and only gives the dimensions of the ‘House of the Forest of Lebanon’ and the ‘Porch of Pillars.’ With these meagre data, the various reproductions of the ground-plan are little more than guesses which Bela us to imagine the Saeed arrangement of the rooms and courts of an
sraelite palace. Cf. Housr; see for Solomon’s Palace, the Commentaries on 1 K, the Histories of Isr. on Solomon, and the Archzeologies on ‘ Palace,’ especially Benzinger, Arch. 233-243.