n Egypt the palace was not only the royal residence, but also the seat of government. The royal apartments were in an inner, the halls of audience in an outer court. If we include all the buildings required for courtiers and officials, the ‘palace’ becomes not a house, but a royal city. A characteristic feature was a balcony on which the king would show himself to his people. See Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, 69f., 182f.; Mas- pero, Dawn, ete. 275 f.
The Assyrian and Babylonian palaces were large
* So St ταν (explaining it as | Gr. ἀπο-θή- αν), but Dar- mesteter (Et. Iran. ii. 1. 133) as ‘bitiment élevé sur une hauteur.’ In Syr. it certainly=‘ palace,’ cf. Sir 507 (Syr.), where it is used of the Temple.
and magnificent. In Babylonia the palaces, like the temples, were built on the top of artificial mounds of crude bricks; and were groups of build- ings forming a great fortress. For account, plans, ete., of Gudea’s palace at Lagash, see Maspero, Dawn, ete. 709 f.; Hommel, Gesch. Bab. u. Assyr. 201. In Assyria a typical palace is that of Sargon u. at Dursarrakin, a huge walled square, with numerous buildings and inner courts, including a ziggurat and other i ee Special features of the Assyr. palaces were the sculptures on the walls, and the winged human-headed bulls ispannnens in Brit. Mus.). See Maspero, Hist. Anc. "πάν ᾿ ch. xi. ; Hommel, op. cit. 682 ff. (both illustrated). W. H. BENNE?T. PALAL (55> ‘judge’), the son of Uzai, took part in the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah (Neh 3%; B Φαλάλ, A add).
PALANQUIN.—Ca 3° RV ‘King Solomon made himself a palanquin of the wood of Lebanon’ (RVm ‘car of state,’ AV ‘chariot,’ AVm ‘bed’). The Heb. word, } 5x, occurs only in this place, and is of unknown origin ; for possible affinity ef. Sanscrit
paryahka and Gr. φορεῖον (the LXX rendering) : if
it is a form of either of those words it becomes an element in determining the date of Canticles, for which see Driver, LOT® 449, 450.
PALE.—Besides Is 29%, where the verb “9 in its single occurrence is translated ‘wax pale’ " (cf. 14 ‘white stuff,’ t.e. cotton or linen, in Est 8%; “in with the same meaning, Is 19°; and ‘th ‘white bread,’ Gn 4016), the adj. ‘ pale’ is used in AV only in Rev 68 to describe the horse whose rider was Death (see REVELATION [BooK]). The Gr. is χλωρός, which elsewhere in NT only describes grass, and is translated ‘ green’ (Mk 6%, Rev 87 94), but is common in classical writers for the paleness or lividness of the countenance. In this sense the Eng. subst. ‘paleness’ occurs in Jer 308 ‘all faces are turned into paleness,’ Heb. }\py, which else- where (Dt 28”, 1 K 887, 2 Ch 6%, Am 4°, Hag 217) is used of ‘mildew,’ and which means, says Driver (Am 4°), ‘pale and unhealthy greenness.’
The ‘pales’ of Sir 22'8 * Pales set on an high place will never stand against the wind,’ are stakes, palings, used for ornament or enclosure, as in Shaks. Com. of Err. τι. i. 100—
‘Too unruly deer, he breaks the pale, And feeds from home.” The Gr. is χάρακες after B (confirmed, acc. to Eders- heim, by Syr.), but AC give χάλικες, ‘ pebbles.’ J. HASTINGS.
PALESTINA, PALESTINE.—AV in Ex 15%, Ts 14*- 81, J] 44 (34), where RV has ‘ Philistia.’? See PHILISTINES, and next article.
PALESTINE (nbs; Ex 15" Φυλιστιείμ, Is 14%, J13 [Heb. 4]* of ἀλλόφυλοι). ----
. Geology.
ii. Natural Features.
iii. Climate and Natural Products,
iv. Races.
vy. Geography.
vi. Antiquities. The word as used in the OT is more correctly rendered Philistia (so AV of Ps 608 874 1089, and RV uniformly), which is mentioned (see COT i. 86) with Canaan, Edom, and Moab, and as a coast region attacked by the Assyrians in the 8th cent. B.C. From an early Christian period it has, how- ever, been used to mean the Holy Land, from Dan to Beersheba and beyond Jordan. West of the river it extends 143 miles north and south, with an average breadth of 40, and an area of 600°
* RY has ‘wax pale’ also in 7] 26 Nah 210 for AV ‘gatnes blackness.’ Ἔ
PALESTINE
Eastern Palestine runs to the Syrian desert, and includes 4000 square miles. Western Palestine is thus about the size of Wales, and the central mountains are about the same height above the sea as in Wales. The country thus possesses a less trying climate than that of the regions to the south and east (Egypt and Meso- potamia), and in character and products resembles the hilly parts of Southern Italy.
i, GEOLOGY.—The underlying formation is the Nubian sandstone (of the Greensand period), but this never appears west of Jordan. In the north it is found on the west slopes of Hermon and Lebanon, and east of Jordan it appears at a con- siderable elevation on the slopes of Moab and Gilead. Above the sandstone are limestones belonging to the Chalk period, and conformable with the lower strata. There are two main formations, the lower being a hard dolomitic limestone, often metamorphic, the upper a soft chalky stone with bands of chert, and containing ammonites, belemnites, and many genera of shells of the Cretaceous period. Where the hard lime- stone occurs the country is very rugged, with precipices, and with springs and streams on the surface ; but in districts where the softer formation prevails, the features (like those of the upper chalk in England) are more rounded, and the water sinks in, being only attainable in deep wells, or in places where the lower strata are laid bare. Highest of all, on the summits of Gerizim and Carmel, a nummulitic limestone is occasionally found.