B. Quotations are occasionally independent translations from the Heb. — (a) because they were so found in the documents which the writer incor- porates, as Lk 1" [Mai 3' and 4°- 'J (^roi/ncttrat— njs for LXX iri^Xhj/eTai ; itrkaTpixj/ai — 3'rn for diro«to- TatTT^o-ei ; ■waripuv — Ti'i^i} for Trarpis), 2'^ (see J, a); (b) for the sake of the argument, as Jn 19" [Zee 12'"] ((Is bo i^eKivTTiaav — nj-i n;:'.x nx for avB' Sir KaTtjpxv<''<^''ro from variant "Fl), Ro 9" [Ex 9'"], where St. Paul prefers the rendering of 'J?-]"^" ^J ^i-^yeipi fff 'did I raise tliee up ' to dicntprjdrii ' tliLAl wast preserved,' Ro 12"* [Dt 32^] (i/iol iKbU-qffn— DQj '^ for iv Tjiiipq. iKSixitadiis) ; (c) probably becausa tiie wTiter was better acquainted with the Heb. of the book quoted memoritcr, as Ro 11* etc. (see
I- *'■ . „ .
C. The only quotations in Aramnic or Hebrew- Aramaic are the words on the Cross, Mt 27", Mk 15** (see I, a (1), (2)), unless we include tha words /xapi.i' i$i 'our Lord cometh' (1 Co 16'-^), probably a well-known Christian salutation. Sea ^Iauaxatha.
QUOTATIONS
QUOTATIONS
18c
D. Some few quotations are based upon an Aranviif inlerprctntion of the Hebrew, and suggest the inijuirv whether thev and others also may not possibly be derived from some intermediate source of tlie nature of a Targum ; or whether, on tlie other hand, the interpretation was merely inHueuced by current Aram, usage. Had an Englishman of to-day to translate Milton's 'silly sheep' into French, he would very probably give the lirst word its modem meaning. In 1 Co \ir^ [Is 25"] n>jS ' for ever ' is translated according to the Aram, meaning of the root eh vTkos ' in victory.' In I Co 2!> [Is 6i'*] .irT9 'that waiteth for' IS apparently read as Anim. rnnn 'tliat loveth ' [but see J, a]. It is possible that Mt 2»; ^ shoiUd be traced to some sort of Targuniic in- fluence, or at any rate some current traditional interpretation, with which the evangelist's readers were familiar. In the lirst the words oCSafnHs i\axl<rTr) seem an intentional emphatic denial of the original words fMic a-]. Bethleliem had by the very fact of Messiah's birth become bi/ no means the least. 'Ky€ii6<rii' is eitlier from a variant (see J, a), or at any rate a less literal translation. But the substitution of y? 'lovSa for ' land of Ephratah ' looks like a slip of memory, and suggests that the whole is a bold paraphrase of the evangelist himself (for parallels see G). Mt 2^ is evidently from Is 11' (TiJ ' branch' being from the same root as Xaj'upaios ' Nazarene '), and suggests a tradi- tional interpretation of the passage in this sense.
E. Apart from B, C, and D, variations from LXX are due to (a) slips of memory, (b) errors of transcription, (c) literary corrections, (d) exegetind alterations. But it is not always easy to determine Trhich, or in case of (c) and {d) to say how far they were intentional. In quotations from memoi-y, and even in those copied, there is a natural tend- ency to correct, unconsciously, according to famili;ir language and familiar ideas. We should probably be right, when quotations are short, in assigning to (a) verbal changes, considerable perhajis in number, but unimportant in their bearing, as Jn 1^ [Is 40^] (^oc/xdaare t. bbbv "Kvpiov, (Cideias TroteZre t. Tplfiovt T. 6eoO ^/xiv becomes the single phrase tvOvrare t. i>obv Kvplov, which gives the full sense more briefly). Probably HafivXCivot for Aa/idtr/cou in Ac ?■" [Am 5"] is a slip of memory of either St. Steiihen or his reporter, the two captivities bein<j confused (cf. the error about the burial-places of the patriarchs in 7'"). We have a striking example of (i) in He 3' [Ps 95'], where Iv SoKifutaiif. is read for iSoKlnaaav (LXX), tlie error being facilitated by iv T. TrapawiKpaaiuf above (unless it is an error of a very early copyist). Under (c) we should class corrections of Hebraisms and other clumsy con- structions, as Lk 3' [Is 40*], where tiBtlav (bOjv) is altered so as to agree with iJoiJs added by St. Luke in the next phrase, and i) rpaxe^a into al r/jaxf^ai- In He 8'» 10"H.Jer 31^] du<ru is omitted so as to give liSovi its |)roper participial construction (cf. Lk S'°). To this head we might also refer rhetorical expan- sions, such as the insertion of X^yei 6 Oe6s or the like in Ac 2" 7*», Ro 12"' (in He 10^ spurious) 14", 1 Co 14", 2 Co 6". To (rf) would belong the very frequent changes of person, tense, etc., so as to make the quotation more directly applicable. Thus in 2 Co 6^' [2 S T" "] oiJti^ and oiV6s become wuiK and i/iitU, and vl6v is boldly changed into vious K. Ovyaripai, SO that Nathan's words respecting David's son become a jiromiae of God to Christians (cf. Ac 1*'). In Lk 23'" [Ps 31»] the future irapa- 9il<io)iai naturally becomes the present TrapaTW(p.n.i in the mouth of our Lord, and in Mk 14" (Mt 20^') [Zee 13'] the imper. iraTdfart becomes the ind. 1st pers. fut. because the action is referred by Christ to God Himself. Sometimes words are ediled to give a special turn to the quotation, us
rby iypof in Mt 27"' [Zee 11"] to refer to the fie'd bought with Judas' uioney (unless this is a variant of Heb. ; see J, a). In lie 10" [Hab 2^] the inser- tion of i converts a Hebraism into a Messianic prophecy. Sometimes words are omitied, and so the quotation gets a more general and dogmatic c'liaracter, as with p-oO in Ko 1", Gal 3" [llab 2*] (in He Itf"" it is transposed). Apparently it had already become a common doctrinal formula. In Gal 3'*[Dt 21'-^] the omission of Inrd $(ou makes the statement a general principle, or it may be due to reverence (see Liglitfoot, in loc). Still more frequently words were altered. In Gal 4^ [Gn 21'°] the substitution of t. iXtvOepas for pov 'Iffad^ brings out more forcibly the contrast between bomlage and freedom. In 1 Co 3-'° [Ps 94"] the quotation would be far less apjilieable without the correction of avOpiliTTuv into ao(pQiv. St. Paul, no doubt, felt the verse to imply that, however wise men might be, God saw their folly. In Eph 4" [Ps 68'"] f\a/3« . . . ^y dvOpijiTTi^j is boldl}^ altered into ^SutKc . . . r. ayOpiiiroit, the latter being probably regarded as an inference from the former, and tlie statement of V." clearly dejiends upon St. Paul's rendering. With this we might compare Lk 21-" (contrast Mk IS'''), where the manner of fulfilment of Christ's prophecy has been read, but probably unconsciously, into the prophecy itself. Suiiie- times liy abbreviation the words of the original come to be dill'erently applied. Thus in 1 Co 14-' [Is 2S"- '-J the words represented by k. ouS' oOtuis (uTcLKOvaovTai pov are made to refer to * other tongues,' etc., Instead of to the refusal to listen to the words of kindness spoken by tiod through the prophet to which the 'other tongues' stand in direct contrast. In Ac 3-^ the phrase Kara ■KavTo, baa is applied quite dill'erentlv from its original in Dt 18'«. In I P S'-" " [Is 8'-- "], by changing airiv to T. Xpiarbv, the words are applied to those ad- dressed in the Epistle, but the passage is not cited as a quotation. Even supposing that such changes were to a large extent unconscious, there is enough to show that the writers of NT allowed themselves the greatest freedom in their treatment of the language of OT.