J. The bearinq of NT quotations on textual criticism. — {a) When a quotation agrees witli Heb. but has a single word or plirase agreeing with LXX, this may have come, not from LX\ itself, but/ro?n a various reading of Heb., followed also by LXX. Thus in Jn 12'" idawnai may point to a variant x;iK for k?";. In Mt 12-' the words It. iv T. dvdfiaTi airrov lOfrj iXirioOai, agreeing exactly with LXX (tliough so ditl'erent from lleb.), whereas all the earlier p.art of the quotation follows a totally dillerent rendering of lleb., m.ay point to iSn;; n")i tor? ; but see A, d. Even wliere a quotation dill'ers more or less from both LXX and Heb. the dilTcrence may have arisen from a various reading of the latter. Tims in Mt 2" rjyep.Ojiv is often referred to a reading ';i'?n ft)r 'S^S (see D). Lk 2-* points to a reading nh^n- ijrSp -V for iba-'?; '^-v-Jl: Ito Q^ [Is 28'°] (10") to viz: I*'' 'i'' I'C{(^n ^or c'-n; "i' r"t<^C. Even if the in.ser- tion of 'iS is merely a mental error, it shows that St. Paul had the Hebrew in his mind, and therefore got /caraiffxi'f^^o'f'rai, not from hW Karaiaxf'i'&V} but trom aiT, which LXX also reads. Mt 27"' '" nuiv have been based on a text reading is'n n'j hx, witli 590, 108, 251, K 2, K, for njVn ^{( (but see' E, (/), and possibly " ij'ij for " n-g. It is imjiortant also to notice that Mtdoes not support the otherwise probable reading of "lif'm 'treasury' for ij' 'potter.' 1 Co 2" seems originally duo to a dillerence of text, ]ix!i iH'pv* for «M.sn li'j 'V?;' , o'n'^N rcy'-j ii for in^tt o^^^t< nyy:, and ^SC^'? for n;nt;'^ (see D) (on Mt 2° see D, and on Mt 12^' see A, d). {h) When a quotation follows LXX almost exactly, hut agrees with lleb. in a word or phrase, it raises the suspicion that it follows a difcrent reading of LA'X, ai in Ac 13" [Is 49"] [riOeiKa for maita of LXX, and
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omission of (is Si.aOrtKriv yivov^, which is apparently an interpolation from Is 49') ; in Mk 12 '>, Ac 7^'^ (omission of (Iixl ; the ultra-HuUenistic speech of St. Steplien is the last place to .-uspect the inllu- ence of Heb. text). The mere fact of a certain number of MSS of LXX agreeing with a quota- tion is of practically no importance, because they were so frequently altered into agreement with NT quot.ations. We have tlie most striking ex- ample in Ps 14^ (13^ LXX), where the whole cento of iiuotations in Ro 3'*'* h.as found its way into B and some other .\ISS of LXX, and hence through the Vulg. into the English Prayer-Book Psalter. (c) It is just possible that quotations may throw liglit on questions connected with the text of NT itself, as He 3" ; see E, b.
ii. Quotations in NT from the Apocrypha AND PsEUDEPiGR.\PHiCAL Jewish Literature.— These are not cited as Scripture, and with the exception of Jude " [Bk. of Enoch i. 9, tr. by K. H. Charles, Oxford] are not directly cited at all ; but there are several references, such as in Lk 1218-20 (cf Sir 1118.19) 147-10 (cf Sir 139-10), Jn 6"
(cf. Sir 24='), Ro 12" (cf. Sir '^), He 1" (Wis 7=*) 4'" " (cf. Wis 7---=»), Ja l'" (Sir 5").
iii. Quotations FROM Pagan Writers.— These are veiy few, and not always easily recognized. Thus that of Ac 17°*'' is found both in Aratus, PhcBnom. 5, and in the hymn of Cleanthes to Zeus, 5. The quotation in 1 Co 15^ is mentioned by Lucian, A m. 43, as a saying of Menander from his Thais. The quotation of Tit 1'^ is said by early
Christian writers to come from a lost w ork 0/ Epimenides, called wepl xpi7a'"ii>', but is now found in the hymn of Callimachus (an Alexandrian poet 0/ 3rd cent. B.C.) to Zeus, 8. In 1 Co 12'="^ we have probably a reference to the fable of Meneniua Agvippa. But it is very uncertain wliether tlicse quotations, etc., point to a wide knowledge of pagan literature on St. Paul's part, or would not rather from their proverbial character have been generally known \>y men of very moderate culture (see Farrar's Life of St. Paul, vol. i. Exc. iii.).
Literature. — Turpie, The OT in the Sew is, in spite of the one-sided aims of the writer and ni.any in.iccuracies. a very use- ful book when used with proper reference to (food critical editions and coniinent.aries, and lias been of great service in writing tliis article. The quotations of OT are taken froui OT in Greek, edited by H. C. Swete, Cambridge, those ol NT usu.illy from the re\ ised text of Greek Test., Oxford. Set also L. Cappellus, Qu^ent. de toe. parall. Vet. et Aoc. Test. 1650 : Surenhusius, "I'CD.i "i£D sive ^.^>.k KxraXkaty^s, 1713 ; Roepe, d« Vet. Teat. Loc in apo.^t. libr. allegatione. 1827 ; Tholuck, Dm All. Tett. i. NTi, 1840 ; Kautzscli, de Vet. Test. loc. a Paulo allegatis, 1863 ; C. Taylor, The Gospel in the Law, 1SC9 ; Monnet, Les citations de Vane. test. d. les ^p. de S. Paul, 1874 ; Bohl, ATCUaU in ST, 1878 ; Toy, Qnxttaliom in the ST, 1884 ; VoUmer, Die AT Citalc Ui Paultui, 1890 ; Johnson, The Quota- tions 0/ the Sew Test, /rum the Old, 1890 ; Dittniar, Vetus Test. in Som, i. 1899 ; cf. also .lowett, St. PauTs Epistles^, 1894, vol. i. 185 fl.; Swete, Introd. to Old Test, in Greek, 1900, p. 381ft.; and Thackeray, St. Paul and Contemp. Jewish Thought, 1900, p. 181 a.; and for special NT books, Allen. ' The OT Quotations in St. .Mark " in Expos. Times, Jan 1901 (xii. 187), and ' The OT Quotations in St. Matthew,' Expos. Times, March 1901 (xii. 281); Lightfoot, Notes on Epistles u/ St. J'aul,yt\>. 170 0., 210 t.; Westcott, Hebrews, p. 67 ft'.; Mayor, James, p. LxLxflE. The subject ifi dealt with in all the MaDuala for BibN- study.