F. Combined Quotations. — These are far commoner than is often realized, and are of various kinds. Frequently we find several passages strung to- gether consecutively, as Ko S'"""", where there are six separate quotations so combined ; cf. He l'-'* etc. In Mk U" (Mt 21'», Lk 19«) a direct quotation from Is oQ' is followed by an allusion to Jer 7". So far had they been from fultilling Isaiah's prophecy, that they were acting in the spirit of Jeremiah's contemporaries. Still more frequently dillercnt quotations are mixed together. Thus in Ko 9^, St. Paul, probably quoting from his recollection of the Heb., mixed together the s.iyings about the stone in Is S''' and in 'J.s'", giving the latter, by so doing, a sense conlranj to tlie ordinal; or the mixture may have been intentional. However precious Christ was to those who believed, He would prove to many merely a rock of stumb- ling. For the somewhat similar couihination of Is 28", Ps 118-^ and Is 8" in 1 P 'i" ' see H, c. More often the combination suggests that the quotation is made from memorj", as Gal 3' from {\t\ 12' 18'», Ac 3^ from Gn 22'" 1'2S, Jn \Vf^ from Ex 12" and I's 34=". The seven words of Jn 6"' seem derived from three distinct sources (l's78'-". Ex 1U"> W), and Ac 13'^ from at least four (Ps 89-», 1 S 17" 13'* 'i'"). Very frequently a mere plira.se or even a word is inserted from a similar passage. Thus in Mt 21' in a <iuotation from Zee 9" the opening words etiraTt r. Ovyarpl Siiiv are from Is 62". Curiously enough, in the same quotation St. John (12'''-") begins with pr] <fio;ioO, apparently from Is 40' (Heb.). In Lk 4"'- ''•' [In
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QUOTATIONS
QUOTATIONS
42'- '] diroffTerXm TeSpanaixhovs in dipdaei is ailapted from Is 58«(I>XX). In Ac 3«-«> [Dt 18">- w- "'•'»] ^vxv ■ ■ ■ iio\o6p(v0ri(reTai (k t, Xaou is substituted from Lv 17^ this and similar phrases being common and easily remembered. In Ac 7''' [Gn IS"-"] aXXoT/.;? is from Ex 2-'''. In Ac 7^- ^ [Ex 3'- '■ '■ ■»] arevayfiov is from Ex 2=^. In Ro 11-6-2' [Is SO**-"] Stov d0Au/xat rds afiafrrtas airrHv is slightly altered from Is 27».
G. Paraphrastic Quotations (see also D and E, d). — In some cases the language of a passage of OT is merely paraphrased to express some new thought, as in Ro lO''', which is oased upon Dt 30'^"'*. Here the original eis r. iripav t. eaXdcaris is changed to els t. ifivaaof, to express the contrast between the descent of Christ in the Incarnation, etc., and His Resurrection, and thus to show that the inward revelation spoken of in Deut. was made possible by Christ and through faith in Him. Certain quot.ations are believed to be merely refer- ences to the general tenor of Scripture, as Jn 7^, which some, on the other hand, regard as a para- phrase of such passages as Is 58^'. Similarly, Eph .i'^ may possibly be a paraphrase of Is 66'- "• -". Some have supposed Ja 4° to be a paraphrase of some such passage as Wis 6"- ", but most com- mentators take the words as a rhetorical question by St. James (as RV). On Mt 2«- ^s see D.
H. Indirect Quotations (see also D). — It is quite possible that quotations, even though avowedly from Scripture, were taken directly from some other source. The possibility of that in 1 Co 2' being from some Aram, document has been already suggested under D. It may here be further noticed that the awlcvvardness of the construction, nnsuited to the context, makes it likely that St. Paul is quoting it as he found it ready to hand, not him- self adapting it from the original. It has been thought by some that Eph 5'* may be a quotation from some early Christian document, but the words 5i6 \i-/ei make this improbable (see G). It is also remarkable that some quotations are made with the same variants by ditierent writers, or by the same writer t^vice. (a) In some cases the variant may be looked npon as traditional, as the omission of iiou [Hab 2^] in Ro 1", Gal 3", and probably the order of the commandments in Mk lO'^?), 'Ro 13»— adultery, murder, theft— for adultery, theft, murder of Ex 20""- (LXX), or murder, adultery, theft of Dt 5"-i» (LXX) and of both (Hebrew). (6) In other cases the agreement may be a coincidence. Thus Mt 18", 2 Co 13' abbreviate Dt 19'" (LXX) in nearly the same lan- guage. This possibly had become almost a pro- verb, (c) The agreement may point to a variant in Heb., as Ro 9« (10"), or in LXX, as Mk 12^, Ac 7'' (see J, a, 6). (rf) In other cases, again, one writer has presumably copied another. Thus Mt and Lk retain many of the peculiarities of the quotations of Mk. It seems likely also that 1 P 2* •' was influenced by Ro 9**. Both agree (1) in the combination of Is 28" and 8'*; (2) in the reading iSoii rtSr/fu (again.st liXX), which can hardly be an independent translation of Heb., hecause, whereas St. Paul's mixed quotation is from Heb. throujrhout (see F), St. Peter, except when he agrees with St. Paul, follows lyXX. The agreement of Ro 12" and He lO*" with MT "^ for ay\ cf LXX and Sam. Pent., proves that the writer of Hebrews, who shows otherwise no knowledge of Ileb., must have copied the quotations either from Romans or from some intermediate source. There are no variants of LXX. Still more remark- able is the quotation of Pr 10" in 1 P 4' as com- pared with Ja 5™. In 1 P it is evidently a rather curious and independent rendering of Heb. (Vb being translated oy rX^ffos) ; the LXX is quite different. In James we have obviously a refer-