to one's gift. We cannot Qonbt that Quartus was an active worker. T. B. Allworthy.
QUATERNION {rerpiiSiov, from rerpis, ' the num- ber four'; Vulg. quatei-nio, whence the English word). — St. Peter, arrested by King Herod Agrippa, was handed over to four quaternions of soldiers (Ac 12''), probably at the fortress Antonia. A quaternion was a guard consisting of four men, two of whom would be chained to the prisoner in the cell, while the other two kept watch outside (cf. Philo, m Flaccum, 13 ; Polyb. VI. xxxiii. 7). Tiie second two were apparently the ' first ward ' (0i;Xa/c?7), which had to be passed before the iron gate was reached (Ac 12'"). Four quaternions were required, as the night was divided in Roman fashion into four watches of three hours each.
Jame.s Strahan.
QUEEN (f)a<Tl\uT(Ttt.). — The only person bearing this title that meets us in the apostolic writings is Candace, queen of the Ethiopians (Ac 8"). This oeople appear frequently to have had female sovereigns, and the name Candace seems to have been handed on from one to another, as we meet with several queens of this name in their early history. The only other passage in which the title occurs is Rev 18', where Babylon is represented as sitting as a queen, priding herself upon her power and immunity from sorrow (cf. Is 47').
G. Wauchope Stewart.
QUICKSANDS.— See Svrtis.
QUOTATIONS.— A wide variety has been found to exist in the literary allusions of the four Gospels. The same freedom pervades the rest of the NT, Characteristic diflerences are, no doubt, to be met with in diti'erent groups of apostolic writings ; but the field of quotation, direct and indirect, extends throughout from exact reproduction of the original texts to the merest suggestion or reminiscence, often hardly to be traced. The present article seeks to cover the more obvious reminiscences, as well as explicit citations, in the NT books under review.
1. Acts of the Apostles. — The direct quotations in Acts are confined to sjieeches of the apostles and the story of the Ethiopian eunuch (S''™-)' They are invariably drawn from the LXX, even when that Version departs considerably from the Hebrew (as in ^*■'■ 15""), and normally introduced by formute like ' It is written (in the book of Psalms),' ' This is that which hath been spoken by the prophets,' ' For David saith concerning him,' etc. A number of the citations are exact, viz. o25-28_pg i6»-u^ omitting the last clause (identity being secured by reading J; KapSla /lou with XAD,
294
QUOTATIONS
QUOTATlOiS'S
etc.); 2'«- = P8 llQi; 4'»'=Ps 2"-; 8^-''- = Is 53"- (witli addition of ain-dv, as in NA, etc.) ; 23° = Ex 22^ (in Lucian's recension); 28-'"=Is G"'- (apart from a slight ditlerenee in tlie opening formula). Under the same category is virlniilly to be placed the long citation from ,11 •j-*'"- woven into Peter's speech at Pentecost (2"-'), the only changes from the 1,XX (KA) being a suhstitution of the eschatological phrase in rait iaxdrais i)/j.ipait (from Is 2-, Mic 4') for the simple fieri raira of the original, the insertion of the solemn formula of Divine utterance \iyei 6 deds, and the tran.sposition of the clauses relating to the young men and the old. In close dependence on the historical narra- tives from Genesis to Kings stands Stephen's long survey of the Divine leading and mission of Israel (7'"-), n>any of the ver-ses being abbreviated, but sntticiently exact, citations of biblical texts (cf.
esp. vv
^. 6f. 2(i'2H. 8U-:j4. 4u
with Gn 12' 15"'-, Ex
2131. 3-.>r. 321). jviore deliberate alterations are evident in 1-'", where the general denunciation of wicked men in Ps 69-' (aniplihed by a further reference to Ps 109*) is directly pointed against Judas ; 2™, an indirect citation of Ps 132" ; S''-^'- (abbreviated in 7^'), a conflate of Dt 18""'* and Lv 23-'" ; 3^, a free blending of the promises addressed to the fathers in Gn 12^ 18'*, etc. ; 4", a loose citation of the verses (Ps 118"'-) which are fully reproduced and applied to Christ in Mt 21''^ and parallel texts; T''^'-, where the famous words of Am S'*--" are quoted with considerable changes, the most remarkable being the substitution of ' Babylon ' for ' Damascus ' (due either to accident, or, more probably, to a desire to bring the prophecy into line with later events) ; V"'', where the prophet's great contrast between the heavens of the Most High God and even the noblest temple built by man (Is 66"-) is reproduced with consider- able freedom ; 13~, a noteworthy conHate of Ps 89='-', 2 S 23' (or Ps 72=»), 1 S 13l^ and Is 44=« ; other verses from St. Paul's speech at Antioch, esp. 13^- '■'■ ^- ■"■ ", which are abbreviated citations of Ps 2', Is 55', Ps 16'", Hab l*, and Is 49" respec- tively ; 15'"-, a free rendering of Am 9", introduced by a phrase from Jer 12'°; and 26"'-, an applica- tion to St. Paul himself of the prophetic passage Is 42'-"'.
In addition to direct citations, however, there are many reminiscences of Scriptural phraseology scattered through Acts. The following may be presented as most suggestive of the original texts : 2" (cf. Ps 18«- 116^ .Job 39-'-) ; 2^' (cf. Is 67'", Jl 2»% etc. ) ; 2™ (cf. Dt 32=) ; i^ 14'= 17" (cf. Gn 1', Ex 20", etc. ) ; 4" (cf. Dt lo-") ; S-* (cf. Jos 24'-^, etc. ) ; 8- (cf. Gn 50'») ; 8^1 (cf. Dt 12'^, Ps 78") ; 10"» (cf. Ps 107-", Is 52', etc.) ; 17^ (cf. Is 55«, etc.) ; 17^ (cf. Is 40'«- 46=) ; 17^' (cf. Ps9«, etc.).