Outside of the OT, no texts are ever cited as Scripture. Other sources are, however, clearly before the mind of the writer. Thus 7-' suggests Wis 11" 18= ; U^, Wis 13'" ; and 17^", Wis 11^ 12^. The phraseology of 3'< (cf. 7== 22'<) 4'^ 10^ 17^' re- calls Enoch, xxxviii. 2, xlviii. 7, xcix. 3, and xli. 9 re- spectively. In St. Stephen's speech (736- a*') R. H. Charles finds distinct evidence of dependence on the Assumption of Moses (iii. 1 1-13). There is here also (7'°) betrayed an acquaintance with extra-canonical Jewish tradition regarding the burial of Joseph's brethren, as it was afterwards committed to writing in the Book of Jubilees (xlvi. 9f.). Finally, St. Paul's gieat speech at Athens brings classical poetry into the service of Christ. The final clause of 17^, ToO yap Kal 7^»'os icrfi^v ('for we are also his ofl'spring') has long been recognized as an exact quotation from Aratus' Phmnoniena, line 5 (cf. the similar phrase, iK a-oO yap yivot i(T)>.iv, from Cleanthes' Hymn to Jove, line 4). But Rendel Harris has recently traced the immediately preceding words
('for in him we live and move and have our being') to the Minos of the Cretan poet, Epimenides, from which also Tit 1'- is drawn, the text being restored as follows :
Ti'jU^Of irtKrrivavTO aidev, Ki''SiaT€, ^Uyiare, KpTjTii del ypivaTai, A'a>cd Orjpia, yaar^pes dpyai, 'AX\d ad 7' oO dfrjaKtts, ^artjKas yap foos aiei, iv yap ffol j^wfiev Kal Kifu^eO* ijd^ Kal ^ap.^v
(cf. £xp, 8th ser., iv. [1912] 348 ff.). 2. The Pauline Epistles. — These are peculiarly rich in allusions. Kverj- important doctrinal argu- ment is buttressed by an appeal to Scripture ; and even moral counsels are, as a rule, referred to some basal principle of the OT. Tlie Apostle's ordinary language is likewise steeped in UT phraseology. Here too the LXX is the great storehouse of literary reference. 'More than half of the direct quota- tions of the OT in the Epistles of St. Paul are taken from the LXX without material change' (H. B. Swete, Introductioti to the OT in Greek, Cambridge, 1900, p. 400). In the remaining cases he allows himself considerable freedom, sometimes quoting from memory, or otherwise altering the text for the purpose immediately in view, though occa- sionally there is evidence of direct translation from the Hebrew.
(a) The Epistle to the Bomans is a veritable mine of quotations. Exact reproductions of the LXX are found as follows: 3^'' = Ps 51*"; 4» (cf. v.=f-) = Gn 15"; 4"- = Ps 32"-; i" (iraripa voWQi- iduCiv rideiKa ae) is excerpted from Gn 17= ; 4'" (o'&rois larat rb ffTvlptxa aov) from Gn 15= ; 7' {ovk iTtOvft-riaeLi) from the Decalogue (Ex 20"); 8^ = Ps 44'-- ; 9' {if 'laaaK K\T]dT](Terai aoi airipfia) comes from Gn 21*^ ; 9'" (6 iMelfuv 5ov\ev(Tei Tip ^Xdacovc) from Gn 25** ; 9'5 = Ex 33'»; 9-'' = Isl»; 10'2=J12^-; 10'« = Is53"; 10'8 = Ps 19''; 122" = Pr 252"- (omitting the last words) ; 13" (dyaTrrjaeis rbv ir\i)<jiov aov ujs aeavrln') comes from Lv 19'" ; 153 = Ps69»; 15»=PslS«; 15'" {eiKppdvdTjTi, idvri, fierd tov XaoG avTov) from Dt 32*^ ; and 15" (ace. to certain MSS) = Ps 117'. The quotation from Hab 2* introduced in 1" is identical with the LXX save for the omission of /mov (ct. Heb. inj!DK3, ' through his faith ') ; 2" likewise differs froiin Pr 24'- only in the pronouns. The long citation, S'"''", opens with a phrase from Ec 7'-" ; the rest is almost an exact reproduction of the LXX text of Ps 14''^ though this is really a con- flate of various OT passages (Ps 5" 140' 10', Is 59"-, and Ps 36') interwoven with the original. 3'-" is clearly introduced as a quotation (from Ps 143-), but diflers considerably from both the Hebrew and the LXX ; 9" is a free, abbreviated reference to Gn 18'"- '■*, and 9" a citation from Mai 1"-, with a trifling transposition of the opening words. 9" (from Ex 9"") shows a distinct api^roach to the original Hebrew. On the other hand, 9"'* 27t. 32t. are free reproductions of the thouglit of Hos 1'" 223, Is io»f. OS'" (blended with 8") respec- tively, in the last instance so free as to yield a sense quite contrary to the original. The final clause of 9^ is repeated in 10" with the addition of iras ; while 10" is a direct application of Lv 18= to 'the righteousness that is of the law.' The long passage on the nearness and saving power of the Word of God (10""") is another free compound of Dt O-" 30"-''', etc. 10'= (from Is 52') gives further evidence of direct use of the Hebrew ; 10'" diflers from the LXX text of Dt 32-' only in the substitu- tion of the personal pronoun 'you' for 'them,' and H)2ut. from Is 65"- in a slight transposition of words. IP'- (from 1 K 19'"*-) has been altered and trans- posed under Hebrew influence. 11* is a free blend of ideas from Is 29'", Dt 29S etc. (with traces of Hebrew influence) ; 11^'- is also a complex from Is 592"'- (in the main) and Ps 14', Is 27", etc. ll""-, again, is a close, though abbreviated, citation of Ps 69'^'; and ll"'- is but slightly altered from