3. The Epistle to the Hebrews.— This Epistle equals Komans in its dependence on the OT. It is, indeed, ' in great part a catena of quotations ' (Swete, p. 402). A considerable number are either wholly or virtually exact: l'^ (5'') = Ps 2'; 1°'' = 2 S 7"; l«'>=Dt 32*» (in Lucian's recension) ; 18" = LXX addition to Ps 45"- (with one or two changes, absent from certain MSS) ; l'<i-'2 = Ps 102'^-=' (with slight textual diflerences) ; l'8 = Ps 110' ; 2«-8 (with addition in NAD, etc.) = Ps 8<-« ; 2"" = Is 8'8 ; 3'-'' (individual verses repeated in 3" 4'' '• ') = Ps 95'"" (with slight textual diflerences, not found in several MSS); i* (cf. 4i») = Gn 2^ (Luc); 5" (cf. 7" and, with variations, S'" 6™ 7"-«') = Ps 110^; 10*"'=Dt 32'5; 13" = Ps 118». Of the remaining citations, l' = Ps 104'', with -irvpbs <f>X6ya for vvp tpXiyov (A: 7rt//)6s i^X^7a) = Heb. arh c-x ; 2'=' = Ps 22=^ with (i7ra77£Xui for ii-qyiidonai. (Heb. ni^px) ; 2'*' = Is 8", with transposition of words; 6"'-, from Gn 22'"-, exact, but abbreviated ; 7'"'°, a historical survey depending, often literally, on Gn 14""- ; 8° = Ex 25^", with SuxdivTa for SiS^ir/ixhov ; S*"" (abbrevi- ated, and somewhat altered, in lO""''), from Jer 3j3i-34^ with certain alterations pointing the pro- phecy directly to Christ ; g^" (cf. 10-' IS'"), from Ex 248, with changes, in part suggested by the words of institution (cf. Mt 26-''"'-, etc.); 10="' (re- peated with changes in v.*'-), from Ps 40°'*, with accidental and other alterations ; 10'°', from Dt .32^^, in the same form as in Ro 12" ; 10", from Hab2'"-, the principle of justification repeated as in Ro 1" (the two instances thus pointing to some common original, either in tradition, or in a written collection of Messianic prophecies), and a 6 inserted before ipxi^co! to give the text a still clearer Messianic reference; 11*"-, the roll-call of heroes, drawn from the historical books from Gen. on- wards, often with close dependence on the texts (cf. vv."- '8- 21 with Gn 5-^ 2V and 47" respectively) ; 12='' (detailed application in vv.'""), from Ps 3'"-, with verbal changes due probably to textual trans-
mission ; 12'°, a free reproduction of Ex 19", ])robably from memory ; 12-', from Dt 9", with addition of Kal (vrpofios ; 12''"', from Hag 2", verb- ally altered to emphasize the argument; 12^, from Dt"4^, with yap added in harmony with Heb. -5; 13', from Dt 31"- *, changed into the form of a direct quotation by the u.se of the first person ; 13*, a complex of phrases from Is 63" and Jer 32*°, etc.
Among reminiscences of OT texts may be given 1' (cf. Ps 110'); S^-" (cf. Nu 12'); 3" (cf. Nu I4W.S21.). 68 (cf. Gn 3'"-); 6" 10"» (cf. Ex 26^, Lv 16=) ; 8' 10i2f- 12^ (cf. Ps 110') ; 8- (cf. Nu 24") ; 9-"- (cf. Ex 26"'-) ; 9^ (cf. Is 53'-) ; 10-'' (cf. Is 26") ; lO^i (cf. Dt 17"); 12'2 (cf. Is 35^ Sir 25-«); 12" (cf. Pr 4-») ; 12'0 (cf. Dt 29'8) ; 12'« (cf. Gn 25^) ; 12" (cf. Gn 27'») ; 12'8''- (cf. Ex lO"*"); 13»(cf. Gn 18' 19'«-) ; 13" (cf. Lv 16") ; 13" (cf. Ps 50'*- '", Hos 14').
In 1' we have another clear mark of the influence of Wis. (7^'-). The description of the martyrdoms in 11*"- probably derives certain elements from 1 Mac &^, 2 Mac e'"*- 7'*-, etc., as well as the tradition of Isaiah's death by sawing [Ascension of Isaiah, v. 11-14). A few passages recall the Book of Enoch, e.g. 4" (En. ix. 5); ll'" (En. xc. 29). A siiggestion of the ' words of institution ' has been found in 9™, while the reference to the Master's 'strong crying and tears' (5') recalls the scene in Gethsemane (cf. Mt 26***-). though known to the writer only from tradition. In Hebrews there is no trace of classical literature.
i. The Catholic Epistles. — (a) James. — The practical character of James necessitates less reliance on OT authority. Of direct quotations in his Epistle there are but six, 28- ^ and 4* being virtually exact reproductions of the LXX text of Lv 19'8, Gn I58, and Pr 3" respectively, 2" an original version of the Decalogue (Ex 20'8- ">), S* a rendering of Pr 10'^ with direct dependence on the Hebrew (though here possibly introduced from an intermediate source), and 4" a reference to some unknown passage definitely recognized as 'Scripture.' In addition there are various remi- niscences of OT and apocryphal books : e.g. !"• (cf. Jer 9^); l'«'- (cf. Is 40"-); 1'" (cf. Pr W^ 17", Ec 7"); 2" (cf. Gn 22'); 2^ (cf. Jos 2'»- 6"); 53 (cf. Ps 21») ; 0* (cf. Is 5', Ps 188, etc.) ; 5' (cf. Dt 11'*); 5" (cf. Ps 1038 HI*, etc.); 5'"- (cf. 1 K 17'"- 18'^-) ; P (cf. Sir 20") ; 1" (cf. Sir 15"'-) ; l'» (cf. Sir 5") ; S'"' (cf. En. xciv. 8-11). The remark- able feature about the Epistle, however, is the number of correspondences with sayings of Jesus, especially those included in the Sermon on the Mount, e.g. I-"- (cf. Mt S'-'^) ; P-8 (cf. Mt 6"-"') ; 1""- (cf. Mt 6'»-2'); !"'• (cf. Mt 7-"'-); 1="'- (cf. Mt 6'-') ; 3"'- (cf. Mt 7'8-=<') ; 4' (cf. Mt 7') ; S'^ (cf. Mt 533-37J The mind of the Apostle was evidently saturated with Jesus' thoughts and words ; and they came to him unbidden in a form resembling their original. The relation of the Epistle to other parts of the NT belongs rather to the region of literary criticism.