(b) Of the other Catholic Epistles, 1 Peter offers a number of quotations from the OT, some of them exact equivalents of the LXX, as l"=Lv 11"'-; 2' = Ps 118'^2. 3io-i2 = pg 34i2-M»(with simple change from imperative to jussive); 3'*'- = Is 8'^'* (with Xpia-rdv instead of KOptov) ; 4'8=Pr IP' (a passage where the LXX diflers widely from the original); 5'' = Pr 3**; while others show distinct evidence of the Hebrew, e.g. P*'- (from Is 40'"8), 28 (from Is 28i8), 28 (from Is 8'*), 48 (from Pr 10") ; 2'° is a free reproduction of the thought of Hos 2=3 ; 2» a loose conflate of Ex 19»'-, Is 43»"- ; and 2=2 of Is 53', Zeph 3". Reminiscences of OT texts may be traced in !'« (cf. Is 52'), 2' (cf. Ps 34»), 2*'- (cf. Ps 118~), 2" (cf. Pr 24='), 3» (cf. Pr 3=^), 4'*" (cf. Is IP), 5' (cf. Ps 55^^) ; while a direct allusion to the Book of Enoch (x. 4-6, 12 f.) is found in 3'"-.
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The author is further acquainted, not merely with Synoptic tradition, and ]iarts at least of Acts, but also with the Epistles to the Romans and Ephesians (on details, and the bearing of the facts, cf. the standard NT Introductions and Commentaries, or the art. on ' Peter, First Epistle of ' in IWB).
(c) In contrast, S Peter and Judc show little trace of the influence either of the OT Scriptures or of Christian tradition and literature. Tlio only ex- plicit citation of the OT is in 2 P 2-'-, where the saying from Pr 26" (' the dog returning to his own vomit again '), directly translated from the Hebrew, is referred to as ' the true proverb.' There are, however, a few suggestions of OT texts, e.g. 2 P 2-"f- (cf. Gn 6'ff-); 2'='- (cf. Nu 22="-); 3« (cf. On T-'"-) ; 3» (Ps 90^) ; 3» (Is 46'') ; 3'" (cf. Is 65" 66=-) ; Jude ° {i-KiTiixTiaai. aoi Ki'pios), from Zee 3". But the most remarkable fact about these Epistles is their dependence on apocryphal writings. 1 Pet. had already alluded to the legend of the fallen angels as narrated in En. x. 4-6, 12 f . The same context is drawn from, in still more detail, by 2 P 2''- and Jude ". An actual quotation from En. (i. 9) is given in Jude "'•, and introduced as a prophecy of 'Enoch, the seventh from Adam.' According to the united testimony of the Church Fathers, the reference to the contest of Michael for the body of Moses (Jude ") comes from the Assumption of 3Ioscs ; while v.'^ is composed of fragments from v. 5, vii. 7, 9 (Latin text) of the Testament of Moses. The language of Jude *• '• " likewise recalls the Testaments of the Twelve Patri- archs {Napht. iii. 4, Asher, vii. 1). The parallels in 2 Pet. are doubtless derived from Jude.
{d) The only OT allusion in the Epistles of John is found in 1 Jn 3'^ (cf. Gn 4*). There are natur- ally, however, many reminiscences of the Fourth Gospel. For these compare Commentaries, etc.
5. Revelation.— In Revelation there are no for- mal citations, but the whole work is saturated with OT allusions. These are drawn from almost the entire range of the OT Canon, though Psalms, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel contribute by far the largest number. The Book of Enoch, and probably other apocalyptic works, add to the writer's treasury of symbols. Here too the LXX supplies the basis ; but the writer seems occasionally to have used Theodotion or some other Greek version, and often to have gone direct to the Hebrew. In the present article only a few representative allusions can be ottered ; for the rest such sources as Westcott and Hort's Greek text and Swete's Apocalypse^, p. cxxxixfi'., must be referred to.
The coming of the Messiah with the clouds (1') is clearly based on Dn 7", and the rest of the verse on Zee 12"'-". The actual description (l"f-) closely follows Dn 7'''' lO''"'-. Various expressions in the Letters to the Churches recall OT phraseology.
e.g. 2' (Gn 2») 2" (Is 62«) 2=«'- (Ps 2»'-) 3' (Is 22-») 3" (iV 8~) 3'" (Pr 3") 3-" (Ca 5-). The vision of the King on the throne (4'-"'-) rests on Is 6"'-, Kzk I-'""'- (cf. En. xiv. ISir.); that of the sealed book (5'") on Ezk L"'- (cf. En. Ixxxix. 70f., xc. 21)). The number of the worshipping angels (5") follows Dn 7'°(cf. En. xiv. 22). The vision of the horses (6-"-) is based on Zee l*"-, and the earthquake (6'-) on Jl 2'« ; the hiding in the rocks (6'"- ) on Is 2""f-, and the 'day of wrath' (6") on Jl 2" 3', etc. The picture of the final blessedness of the saints (7'°'") recalls Is 49'", En. xlviii. 1. The fall of the star (8'" 9') is based on Is 14'^ (cf. En. l.\xxvi. I), and the plague of locusts (g""-) on Jl I'"-. The allusion to the worship of demons and idols (9-'") recalls Dt 32", Dn 5'- =», the sealing of the vision (10') Dn 12<- », and the eating of the book (lO""-) Ezk 2»'- 3'"-. The measuring of the new temple (II'"-) is based on Ezk 40''''-, the olive trees and candlesticks (11*) on Zee 4'-^-, the raising of the dead martyrs (11") on Ezk 37""''-, and the Messiah's eternal reign (11">) on Ps 2'"'. The description of the dragon (12^'') is sug- gested by Dn 7'"-, and that of the Beast with the horns (13"f-) by Dn 7'-'. The peal for the fall of Babylon (14* 18-) comes from Is 2P (combined with Dn 4='). The vision of the sickle (14'»f) follows Jl 3", the 'Song of Moses' recalls Ex 15"- and the description of the 'fear' {15'') Jer 10'. The account of the last plagues (le"'-) is based on that of the plagues of Egypt (Ex 7""'), and the language used to describe the terror of the earth- quake (16'*) recalls Dn 12'. The actual description of Babylon and her downfall (18*'^-) follows various prophetic passages (Is 47'"' 52", Jer SO'"'-, etc.). The treading of the winepress (IG'^"'-) recalls Is 63'-', and the mention of Gog and Magog (20') Ezk 38'«s the judgment scene (20""-) Dn 7"'-, En. xlvii. 3, and the yielding up of the dead (20'^) En. li. 1. The picture of the New Jerusalem (21""''-) contains features from Ezk 40'"-, Is 52'"- 60'"-, To 13"*, etc., while the passing of the curse and the dawn of everlasting day for the righteous (22""-) is clearly reminiscent of Zee 14'*-.