Literature. — C. W. King, The Natural History of Precious Stones a7id Gems, 1866, pp. 278-286.
James Strahan. SARDONYX ((rop56i'u?).— The sardonyx is the fifth foundation of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21'-"). This stone is a beautiful variety of onyx, consist- ing, as the name implies, of a layer of sard (or of carnelian) with one of white chalcedony, or pre- senting several alternating layers of these minerals. The finest kind known to ancient writers — now called the ' Oriental sardonyx' — had at least three strata— a black base, an intermediate band of white chalcedony, and a superficial layer of red or brown. The black was regarded as typifying humility, the white chastity, and the red modesty or martyrdom. The sardonyx was frequently used for seals and cameos. The best kind was obtained from India or Arabia. Imitations are made by cementing together stones of the required colours, or by placing a sard or carnelian, coated with sodium carbonate, on a red-hot iron and so producing a white layer. James Strahan.
SATAN.— See DE-vaL.
SAUL (2aoi/X).— Saul the son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, is mentioned in St. Paul's address at Pisidian Antioch as the first king whom God gave to Israel. After he had reigned 40 years, God removed him, and raised up David to be king over Israel, a man after His heart (Ac 13-'- "'-). Saul of Tarsus could not fail to be profoundly interested in
SAVIOUR
SCORPIOX
45'J
the career of the great king whose name lie liore and to whose tribe lie bulongeil. The story of the hero who was called against his will to the throne, and who lived and died lighting for the liberty of his country, has all the elements of high tragedy. By separating the later from the earlier and more authentic narrative contained in 1 Sam., historical criticism enables the reader to understand more fully and to appraise more highly the real services of this protagonist who turned the tide of I'hilistiiie conquest into defeat and paved the way for the still greater king who consoliilated the Hebrew monarchy. For a fine jisychological study of his character, see A. B. Davidson, The C<illc.d of Gud, 1902, p. 143 if. jAMliS Stuahan.
SAVIOUR.— See Salvation ; Christ, Ciiristo-
LOGY.
SCARLET.— See Colours. SCEVA.— See Exorcism.
SCHISM. — This word occurs only once in the NT, viz. in 1 Co 12--\ St. I'aul, in writing to the Corinthians on spiritual gifts, teaches tlicni that one member of the Church should not look down upon another because he has not the same spiritual gift. All members are necessary to the perfection of the Body of Christ. He illustrates this from the analogy of the human body, showing that even the smallest member is necessary to its perfection and that ' there should be no scliism in the body.' In this passage (TxiiJ/J-a. has its simple meaning of ' rent ' or ' division.' The Gr. word occurs in other passages, where it is tr. 'divisions.' The later ecclesiastical use of ' schism ' does not occur in the NT. See Heresy, Divisions.
MoRLEY Stevenson.
SCHOOL.— See EDUCATION, Ty'RANNUS.
SCHOOLMASTER.— This is the AV rendering of
7raioa7c.>76s in Gal S"'"- (1 Co 4", ' instructer'), but in the KV it has given place to 'tutor' {q.v.) in both passages. The latter rendering is scarcely less inadequate than the former. The 7raiOa7uryi5s is to be distinguished from the iraiSofi/j.oi, wlio is one of the official guardians of public instruction in a Greek citj', and from the iraidevrrj!, the educator who trains the youth and corrects his foolishness (Ro 2-°), and from the oiSctrraXos, the teacher who actually imparts instruction (Ac 13', 1 Co 12-*, and elsewhere). His office in the old Greek system of education was to accompany the children of the family to and from their schools, the school of the music-master and the .school of the physical trainer. He carried the books and instruments, the lyre and writing materials of his pupils. He was responsible for their guardianship and protection out of school hours, and was expected to protect them, not only from danger to life and limb, but also from the perils of evil companionship. His pupils remained under his charge till they reached the age of puberty, when they were supposed to be able to care for themselves. His status was that of a slave for the most part, but the most respected and trust- worthy of the household ; and care was taken that he should be correct in his language and should not tell stories to his charges likely to corrupt or deprave their morals. He apjiears frequently on the Greek stage both in tragedy and in comedy. Only on rare occasions was he admitted to the presence of his master's daughters. Among the Romans the pmdagogus attended on girls as well as boys, but Roman girls were allowed to appear out of doors as Greek girls were not. He also gave home instruction to the child, and as he was a Greek-speaking slave, he taught him Greek, which
in the days of the Empire was thought a good foundation for learning. The Roman pwdngogi, however, under the degeneration of pagan manners in the Empire, soon got a bad name.
In the (ialatian reference St. I'aul represents the Law as exercising a severe but salutary moral inlluence calculated to make those who were under it feel the need of something better, and to bring them to Christ. As Lightfoot says {Galatirnis, ad luc), 'as well in his inferior rank, as in his recog- nised duty of enforcing discipline, the ptC(/ri;fufjus was a lit emblem of the Mosaic law. But the context of the passage, dwelling upon the do.'^o tutelage and supervision of an exacting Law, jioints not only to the satisfaction, but also to the liberty and tlevotion as of sons, to be found iu Christ.