The Fathers liked to think of Christ Himself, the Incarnate Word, as the iraiSayfryus. One of the works of Clement of Alexandria is so designated. The iraiSayuryds is ' God ill the form of niiin un- deliled, minister to the Father's will, the unsullied image of God' (i. 2). He is 6 iravra <f>t\dv0puTroi, tlie True Friend of Man (i. 1), and He trains His children both by chastisement and by love to beauty of character.
LiTSRATUBK. — W. M. Ramsay, Historical Commentary on Gatalians, 1S99, p. 381 ff. ; J. B. Lightfoot, Galatians^, 1876, jj. 14Sf. : W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek aiid Itoman Antiqui- lies'', 1S75, art. ' Pajdagogua." THOMAS NiCOL.
SCIENCE. — The word 'science' (vvaais) occurs only once in the NT, in 1 Ti 6-", and then only in the AV. The Revisers use the word ' knowledge,' and this gives its real meaning. The knowledge which the Apostle has in view and here condemns was a mystical interpretation of the OT, and particularly its legal parts. But the age of science, as this word is now understood, had not then arrived ; and the word in its modern significance is nowhere found in NT writings. J. W. LiGHTLEY.
SCORPION (cTKopTT/os).— The only books in the NT in which reference is made to the scorjiion are the Gospel according to St. Luke and the Apoca- lypse. Scorpions are mentioned three times in the apocalyptic vision of the Fifth Trumpet or the First \\ oe (Rev 9^- "■• '"), and on each occasion they form part of the description of the locusts them- selves or of their mission. These locusts have the power of scorpions while their tails also resemble that of a scorpion and are similarly armed with stings. The sting of the scorpion was proverbial (cf. 1 K 12"- '•', 2 Ch 10"- », ICzk 2«, Lk lU'"), but is seldom fatal. The iiiis.sion of the locusts is thus not to slay, but to inllict pain worse than death itself.
Scorpions belong to the Arnchnidm or spider family. They are common in all warm climates, and are especially ubiquitous in the wilderness of Sinai (cf. Dt 8''). During the cold weather they lie dormant, but when it becomes hot they emerge from their hiding-places and make their way even into houses. More than eight species have been noted in Palestine. They vary in size and colour ; the largest and most dangerous s|)ccies is black, and measures about 6 ins. in length. Ol hers are yellow, white, black, or reddish, while others again are striped. The females carry their young on their backs until they are old enough to provide for themselves. They swarm in every (lart of the country and have a particular partiality for ruins (cf. Ezk 2"), where they .secrete themselves in the chinks of the walls, as well as under the loose stones. The scorpion resembles a lobster in shape, only it has a jointed tail, which, when running, it holds over its back in a threatening attitude. The tail has a venomous sting, an<l the reptile always
460
SCOURGING
SCRIPTURE
attacks with its tail in this position, with tlie result that it sometimes strilces it own head ami commits suieide thereby. It is carnivorous anil feeds fhielly on beetles and locusts, and this fact adds to the hideousness and the formidabihty of the apocalyptic locusts, whose very tails are com- pared to the scorpions which normally feed on them. See, further, LocusT.
LlTKRATURB.— H. B. Tristram. The Natural History 0/ the BibleK, London, 1911, pp. 3iJl-3i)3 ; W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Hook, new eti., do., 1910, pp. 224-225, do., ed. 1881-8(>, vol. ii., 'Central Palestine and Phoenicia,' pp. 478-lsn ; C. Geikie, The Ilnly Laiul and the Bible, do., 1903, pp. 3.'i9-35" ; SDB, p. S32 ; UDB iv. 419 ; EBi iv. 4317-4319 ; H. B. Swete, The Apucali/pse 0/ St. John^, London, 1907, pp. 115, 116, 119.
P. S. p. Handcock. SCOURGING.— Among both Jews and Romans the common mode of corporal punisliment to whicli oHenders were subjected was that of scourging.
1. Jewish scourging.— The supreme Sanhedrin at Jerusalem and the local .Sanhedrins connected with all the synagogues were in the habit of punishing by scourging secondary misdemeanours, civil and ecclesiastical. Their authority for the infliction was derived from the statute of the Mosaic Law (Dt 25'"') which ordained that the misdemeanant should receive a number of stripes not e.\ceeding forty. To ensure that the legal limit was not exceeded, the number was restricted in practice to thirty-nine for one oflence. These were administered with a scourge composed of leatlier strands, the u.sual e.\ecutioner being the Chazzon, or attendant, of the synagogue (Lk 4-°).
Among the sutl'erings which he heroically endured, St. Paul records his subjection to this form of severe maltreatment on five different occa- sions, not one of which is mentioned in the Acts (2 Co 11-'). Jesus warned His disciples to e.\pect the same sort of persecution at the hands of the Jewish authorities (Mt 10"), a forewarning which was soon verified. The beating (Sipcii/) which the apostles received on the occasion of their second collision with the Sanhedrin was that with stripes (Ac 5'"). During the period of his career as perse- cutor, St. Paul searciied out the members of every synagogue suspected of being believers, and en- deavoured to secure their retractation by the use of the same drastic method ('22"' ; cf. 26").