4. Extent of Scripture.— The canon of the NT writers was that inherited from the Jewish Church, and thus corresponded to our OT. There is fre- quent reference to the canonical grou]>s of the Law 'and the 'Prophets.' Of the Hagiographa, the Books of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job (in 1 Co 3'") are explicitly cited as Scripture, while a phrase from Ec 7"" is introduced in the remarkable con- flate of OT texts in Ro 3""^-, with the formula />a(?ws yiypaTTTai. Though the remaining books are passed over in silence, tliere is no real reason to doubt that the writers knew and recognized the full Jewish canon. In the NT, too, there is no such sense of the inferiority of the Hagiographa as haunted the Jewish Rabbis. The whole book is of God, and bears witness to Him and His salvation. In addition to OT texts there are numerous allu- sions to apocryphal literature, such as the Wis- dom of Ben Sira, the Wisdom of Solomon, 1 and
2 Maccabees, the Book of Enoch, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, and the Assumption of Moses (see art. Quotations). It is remarkable, however, that the usual formula of Scriptural quotation is nowhere attached to apocryphal texts, the only approach to such canonical recognition being found in the ' projihesying' of Enoch in Jude '''. Though the NT writers follow the LXX, they apparently regard the Palestinian canon as alone authoritative in the full sense of the term. Naturally their own writings have not yet attained to the dignity of Scripture ; but a true feeling for
462
SCROLL (ROLL)
SCYTHIAN
the spiritual value of apostolic letters is already evident in 2 I' ;i"''-, and the application to these writings of the technical term ypatpal shows how easy and inevitable was the extension of the Canon to cover both the OT and the NT.
LiTERATURK. — On the usafje and aitrnificance of the terms, cf. the NT Dictionaries and Couinienlaru'S, esp. J. B. Ligfhtfoot, Gatatians, ISUO, p. 147 t. ; F. J. A. Hort, T/ie First Ei'iMe uf St. Peter, I. I-II. 17, 189S,p. 114 ff. ; B. F. Westcott, llrt/rews, 18S9, p. 474 ft. ; also D. M. Turpie. The New Testament View of the Old, 1S72 ; G. A, Deissmann, Uihle Studies, Enj;^. tr., 1901, pp. 112fy., 249f. ; B. B. Warfield, art. 'Scripture,' in DCG ii. .^84 ff., with literature. On the formation of the Canon see F. Buhl, h'annn uiid Text des AT, 1891 (Eng. tr., 1892); G. Wildeboer, llet outstaan van den Kanon des Oudea r<!r6.j;«(s', 1908 (Germ, tr., 1891, Eni;. tr., 1895) ; H. E. Ryle, J'he Canon of the OT, 1892; K. Budde, art. 'Canon (OT).' in EBi; F. H. Woods, art. ' OT Canon,' in IIDB. On Jewish theories of Inspiration, cf. F. Weber, Jild. TheoUtqir, 1897, p. SO£f., and E. Schurer, GJV* ii. [1907) 303ff. [HJ F ii. L
[1885] 306 If.). A. R. Gordon.
SCROLL (ROLL) [^i^Xlov, ipp].— So long as writ- ing material was manufactured from the papyrus plant, the usual form of a book was that of the volumen or roll, wound round a stick or sticks. The modern form of book, called in Latin codex, did not come into use till the 3rd cent, of our era, when parchment (?rep7a/i7;>'^, from Pergamos, where it originated) began to supersede papyrus. Ac- cording to Pliny (HN xiii. 11 f.), the standard roll (scapus) consisted of 20 sheets (shc(l(e or plagitlcE) joined together with paste. Rolls, however, were often much longer ; the longest Egyptian one known measures 144 ft. To this day the Scriptures are always read in the synagogue from rolls, never from a codex. One of the most impressive eschato- logical metaphors was suggested by the idea of the once familiar fii.^\iov — ' and the heaven was re- moved as a scroll when it is rolled up' (us /SijSXio;' iXitrirbneiiov, Rev &* \\ Is 34'', ' et cceliura recessit sicut liber involutus' [Vulg.]) ; 'a unique simile, reminding us of the later Stoic conception of the sky as a jiiliXos SioO, of which heavenly bodies are the cTToixfia or characters' (T. K. Cheyne, The Prophecies of Isaiah", 1SS6, i. 195).
LiTERATDRE. — A. W. Pollard, art. ' Book ' in iJBrli ; artt. ' Writing ' in HDB (F. G. Kenyon) .and EHi (A. A. Bevan).
JAME.S STRAHAN.
SCYTHIAN C^Kierit). — The Scythians were a barbarous nomadic tribe of Indo-Germanic origin living in the region between the Caucasus Moun- tains and the Caspian Sea. The Greek colonists who settled on the northern shores of the Black Sea in the 7th cent. B.C. found the South Russian steppe in their possession. Their name ' .Scythians ' is first found in Hesiod (Strabo, vil. iii. 7. 8), while Herodotus (iv. 1-82, 97-142) gives a great deal of information regarding the |ieople, although the fact that the Greeks soon came to extend the name 'Scythian' to all the nations to the north and north-east of the Bliick Sea makes some of the statements of Greek writers regarding them questionable.
The Scythians proper were a purely nomadic race living on the South Russian steppe the usual life of nomads, moving from place to place as the needs of their flocks demanded. Herodotus (iv. 46, 114, 121) tells us that the men rode on horse- back while the women were conveyed in wagons drawn by oxen. They lived on boiled flesh, mares' milk, and cheese. Like most barbarians, they existed in a condition of tilth, never washing them- selves, and the women daubed themselves with paste containing the dust of fragrant woods and removing it the second day (iv. 75). Hippocrates (ed. Littr6, ii. 72) informs us that they were not a very hardy race, suttering greatly from dysentery and rheumatism, and being soft and flabby in body.