j by the excessive corruption of the times. Brescia re-
i volted against its bishop, the fermentation spread to
ARNOLD
431
ARNOLD
other towns, and complaints against the author of all this poured in at Rome. Innocent II had Arnold con- demned, together with other heretics, in the council of Lateran, in 1139. Such, at least, is the positive state- ment of Otto of Freisingen and other historians of those times, but Arnold's name is not mentioned in the canons of the council ; and it is only clear that, bjr Innocent's order, he was prohibited from preaching, ■was banished from Italy, and forbidden to return with- out the pope's permission. He then proceeded to France, where he fell in with an old fellow-student, the papal legate Guido, afterward Pope Celestinus II ; but he met with an unrelenting adversary in Bernard of Clairvaux, who forced him to seek refuge at Zurich, and afterward at Constance (about 1140). He there resumed his preaching against the abuses of the clergy, and found many favorable listeners. But Bernard traced him there also, and caused the Bishop of Con- stance to banish him. After the death of Innocent II (1143), Arnold returned to Italy, and, hearing that the people of Rome had revolted against the pope, he put himself at the head of the insurrection. Lucius II had died of the wounds received in a popular affray, and Eugenius III, a disciple of Bernard, succeeded him in the papal chair, but was driven away from the city by the people and the senate. -The multitude hurried on to excesses which Arnold probably had never contemplated. They attacked the houses of the cardinals and nobles, and shared the plunder. Ar- nold, however, still remained poor ; he really despised wealth, and his morals were irreproachable. Borne continued for ten years in a state of agitation little differing from anarchy, at war with the pope and the people of Tibur, and at variance within itself. Ber- nard, in his epistles, draws a fearful picture of the state of the city at that time. Eugenius III died in 1153, and his successor, Anastasius IV, having fol- lowed him to the grave shortly after, Adrian IV was elected pope in 1154. He was a man of a more de- termined spirit than his predecessors. A cardinal having been attacked and seriously wounded in the streets of Rome, Adrian resorted to the bold measure of excommunicating the first city in Christendom, a thing without a precedent. The Romans, who had set at naught the temporal power of the pope, quailed be- fore his spiritual authority. In order to be reconciled to the pontiff they exiled Arnold, who took refuge among some friendly nobles in Campania. "When the Emperor Frederick I came to Rome to be crowned, the pope applied to him to have Arnold arrested. Freder- ick accordingly gave his orders, and Arnold was stran- gled, his body burnt, and the ashes thrown into the Til>er in the year 1155 {Penny Cyclopaedia). See Adrian IV. The Roman Catholic writers naturally give Arnold a bad character. In truth, he was a great reforming spirit — the Savonarola or Luther of his time — but driven by the evil circumstances of his age into errors and excesses. Neander is doubtless only just in saying that the inspiring idea of his movements was that of a holy and pure church, a renovation of the spiritual order after the pattern of the apostolic church. Baptist writers class him among the forerunners of their church, as one of the charges brought against him in 1139 was the denial of infant baptism. Ba- ronius calls him "the patriarch of political heretics" (.1 ////-// g, anno 1155). See Koler, De A rnolio Brixiensi (Gott. 1742, 4to); Francke, Arnold v. Brescia u. seine Zed (Zurich, 1825, 8\o).—Biog. Diet. Soc. Useful Know}. ; Neander, Ch. Hist, iv, 149 sq. ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xii, pt. ii, ch. v, § 10; N. Brit. Rev. i, 458; Bohringer, Dk Kirch, Christi. mid Hire Zeugen, ii, 719; Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generate, iii, 276. Compare Ar- noldists.
Arnold of Ussixgen. See Arnoldi, Barthol- omew.
Arnold of Villexeuve, a celebrated physician of the thirteenth century, was born about 1240. He
was eminently skilled in natural science and general literature. In 1285 he was made physician to Pedro III of Aragon ; but his heterodox opinions brought on his excommunication by the bishop of Tarragona, and he wandered from place to place for years, until final- ly he found refuge with Frederick II at Palermo. The monks stigmatized him as a magician, not so much for his science as for his attacks upon their bad lives and principles. He taught that the monks had cor- rupted the doctrine of Christ, and that the founding of masses and benefits was useless. In 1311, Pope Clem- ent V, being ill of gravel, sought the medical skill of Arnold, who was shipwrecked, and perished on the voyage to Rome. Ilis remains were buried at Genoa in 1313, and his writings were afterward burnt by the Inquisition. Among the propositions in them which were condemned are the following : 1. that the human nature of Christ is equal to the divinity ; 2. that the soul of Christ, immediately after the union, knew as much as the divinity ; 3. that the devil has perverted the whole human race, and destroyed faith ; 4. that the monks corrupted the doctrine of Jesus Christ ; 5. that the study of philosophy ought to be banished from the schools ; 6. that the revelation made to Cyril is more valuable than Holy Scripture; 7. that works of mercy are more pleasing to God than the sacrifice of the altar ; 8. that founding benefices and masses is useless; 9. that he who gathers a great number of beggars, and founds chapels and perpetual masses, incurs everlasting damnation ; 10. that the sacrificing priest and the offerer offer nothing of their own to God; 11. that the passion of Jesus Christ is better represented by the giving of alms than bj' the sacrifice of the altar; 12. that God is not honored in deed in the mass, but in word only; 13. that the papal constitutions are simply the works of men ; 14. that God threatens with damnation, not all those who sin, but all those Mho afford a bad exnrple; 15. that the end of the world would happen in 1335, 1345, or 1376. His works were printed at Lyons in 1520, in one vol. fol. ; and 1585; also at Basle. — Nieeron. Mem. torn. xxxiv, p. 82 ; Landon, Eccl. Diet, i, 541; Hoefer, Kouv. Biog. Generate, iii, 281.