Arnold, Godfrey, an eminent German Pietist and Mystic, born at Annaberg, Saxony, 16G6. Educated at Wittenberg, he became a tutor, 1G89, at Dresden, where he imbibed an ardent Pietistic tendency from Spener, who obtained him a situation as private tutor at Quedlinburg, where he devoted himself to the study of the mystic writers and of Church history. After condemning marriage, he married in 1700, and lost some of his fanatical views. In 1707 he obtained a pastorate in Perleberg, where he remained until his death in 1714. In spite of all his errors, Arnold was eminently pious, and was a faithful preacher. He wrote largely, but his most important work is his Un- partemche Kirchen-und-Ketzergcschichfe (Frankf. 1698- 1700; repub. at Schaffhausen, witli additions, 1740— 1743, 3 vols.). This " Impartial Church History' ' was the first written in German instead of Latin. It makes personal piety the central idea of Christianity. But, while bent on showing fair play, as no historian before had done, to all sorts of heretics and schismatics, par- ticularly to the Mystics, for whom he had a special predilection, Arnold fell into the most gross wrong to- ward the representatives of orthodoxy, ascribing to them the basest motives, and aspersing their character in every possible way. See Schaff, History of the Apos- tolic Church, § 30 ; Herzog, Real-Encykhpiidie, i, 548. The number of works which were published against Arnold is very large. A list of them is given in the preface to the third volume of his works in the Schaff- hausen edition. The most important among these is by Groschius, Nothwendige Yerthridiguug der evange- lischcn Kirche wider die Arnoldische Ketzerhistorie (Francf. 1745). Among the other works of Arnold are, Historia et descriptio theosophias, 1702 (German,
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1703); Das Geheimtdss der gdtlKchen Sophia (Leipz. 1700). Some of the works of Arnold continue to be in common use among the German Pietists, and are still being published in new editions; as, Die Erste Lithe (an essay on the life of the first Christians ; new edit. by Lammert, Stuttgardt, 1844; and with an appendix containing all the religious poems of Arnold, by Knapp, Stuttgardt, 1814); Paradlesischer Lustgarten(& Prayer- book; with biography of Arnold, and selection of his religious poems by Ehmann, Reutlingen, 1852) ; Geist- liche Erfahrungs-Lekre (an essay on experimental Christianity, from the beginning of the conversion to its completion (Milford Square, Pennsylvania, 1855). Complete collections of the religious poems of Arnold Q'Sammtlicke Geistliche Lieder") have been published bv Knapp (Stuttgardt, 1845") and Ehmann (Stuttgardt, 1856); a selection ("Geistliche Minneliede)■,,) by Eh- mann (Stuttgardt, 1850). . See G. Arnold's G(dippelter Lebenslauf (partly autobiography, 171G) ; Coler, Sum- mariseke Xachrichf, von G. A molds Leben und Schriften (Wittenberg, 1718); Knapp, Biographic G. Arnolds (Stuttgardt. 1845); Gobel, Gesch. des christlichen Le- bens in der rheinisch-westphalischen evangelischen Kirche (vol. ii, p. G98-735).
Arnold, Nicholas, a Protestant theologian, was born at Lesna, in Poland, December, 1618 ; died Oct. 13, 1680. He became, in 1639, rector of the school in Jablonow, and in 1654 succeeded Cocceius as pro- fessor of theology at Franeker, where he became espe- cially noted as a pulpit orator. His writings were chief- ly polemical, e. g. Religio Sociniana refutata (Franeker, 1654, 4to): — Atkeismus Socinianus (1659, 4to): — Dis- cing, thiol, cont. Comenium (1660, 4to): — a refutation of the Catechism of the Socinians (Atheismus Socinia- nus F. Bidal'i refutahts, Amst. 1659) : — a work entitled Lux in Tenebris {Light in Darkness), in which he ex- plains those passages of Scripture which the Socinians use as arguments for their doctrines (Franeker, 1662, 2 vols.) : — and a Commentary on the Epistle to the He- brews.— Hoefer, Biog. Generate, iii, 326.
Arnold, Smith, a highly esteemed Methodist preacher, was horn in Middlebury, Conn., in 1766, and removed in 1791 to Herkimer Co., N. Y. In the year 1800 he connected himself with the itinerant ministry, and continued in the field of active labor until 1821, when he assumed a supernumerary relation. He died at Rochester, March 16, 1839.— Wakely, Heroes of Meth- odism .- Min. ofConf r. ii, 670; Sprague, Anna!.'!, vii, 337.
Arnold, Thomas, D.D., was born at Cowes, Eng- land, .June 13tb, 1795. In 1803 he was sent to Win- chester school, where he remained until 1811. In 1811 he obtained a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1815 a fellowship in Oriel, where he was associated with Coplestone, Whately, and Hamp- den, a noble band. In 1818 he was ordained deacon, in 1819 settled at Laleham, where he opened a school to lit a few young men for the university. In 1820 he married. In 1828 lie was made head master of Rugby school, and ordained priest. It soon began to be noised abroad that a reform was in progress in Rugby; and the effects of Dr. Arnold's administration of the school are visible to-day, not only in Rugby, but in most schools in En-land. In this occupation he spent the last fourteen years of Ids life, and during that period took the deepesi interest in all the political questions Of the time. lb> was one of the most decided opponents of the ( (xford new school of theology. Ilis idea of a Christian Church was first given in' his pamphlet on "Church Reform," whir], i„. was induced to publish in 1833, in consequence of the apprehensions he enter- tained of the danger which then threatened the Estab- lishment. His theory is much the same as Hooker's —that the Church and state are identical; that a