ATTIRE
532
ATTIRE
pos. p. 213). Only at the paschal meal were the Is- raelites td keep their shoes on (Exod. xii, 11), in order to complete their equipment for travelling, since for a journey and on going out persons of course assumed their sandals (Acts xii, 8). It was customary in very early times, however, to walk barefoot (t]f£, I'm^H :":n, nudopedi ) in sacred spots, where the Deity was believed to have been disclosed (Exod. iii, 5; Acts vii, 33; Josh, v, 15); and, according to Jewish tradition (see Josephus, Ant. ii, 15, 1), which the O. T. by no means contradicts, the Jewish priests performed their sacred services unsandalled (comp. Ovid, Fast, vi, S:>7 : see Balduin, De calceo, p.'23 ; Dougtrci Analect. i, 57 sq. ; Spanheim ad Callim. Cerer. 325 ; Carpzov, De discalcatione in loco sacra, Lips. 1729 ; also in his Ap- parat. antiq. p. 769 sq. ; Walch, De religiosa veterum ari'-ocijrTia, Jen. 1756; also in his Dissert, ad Acta Ap. i; Wichtmannshausen, De c<ilr,,< in Ebrceor. sacris deponendo, Viteb. 1721; also in Ugolini Thesaur. xxix). Also, in deep grief, persons went unshod (2 Sam. xv, 30; Ezek. xxiv, 17, 23; Isa. xx, 2; comp. Bion, Idyll. i. 21; Stat. Theb. ix, 572; Kirchmann, De funerib. Horn. p. 355; Eosenmuller, Morgenl. iv, 340). The pulling off the shoe was a legal act, symbolical, with re- spect to the Levirate marriage (Deut. xxv, 9, 10; Faith iv. 7 ; comp. Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. 112), that the indi- vidual surrendered his title or passed it over to anoth- er, who thus, as it were, stepped into his shoes (Eosen- miillcr, Morgenl. iii, 71 sq.), a usage that seems to be alluded to in Psa. Ix, 10; cviii, 10 (comp. Castell. Lex. J ptaghtt. 2342; Balduin, De calceo, p. 217 sq. ; see Ewald, Psalm, p. 313). The generally unavoidable collection of dust and stains upon the covering of the feet among the Israelites rendered the frequent wash- ing of the feet necessary. See Uncleaxness. Shoe- makers are named in the Talmud [see Mechanic]; among the Persians the fabrication of foot-clothing was carried on in manrfactories (Xenoph. Cyrop. viii, 2, 5). On the subject generally, see Bynseus, De calceis vet. Ilebr. (Dordr. 1682, 1715 ; also' in Ugolini Thesaur. xxix) ; Rottboll, De vestib. et calceis Israelii. (Hafn. 1755) ; Balduin, Calceus cintiej. ; and Nigron, De cali- f/a vet. (L. B. 1711).— Winer, ii, 428. See Sandal.
II. Female articles of apparel consisted, in addition to the foregoing, of the following pieces of ornament (unless we except the veil) rather than necessity. See also Paint; Ornament; Head-dress.
6. The veil (in general perhaps f'D*" M&3, a cov- ering of the eyes, Gen. xx, 16) belongs throughout the East tn this day as a most indispensable piece of fe- male attire, and no lady of character and respectabili- ty allows herself to bo seen without it in public, or even by strangers within doors (comp. the Koran, xxxiii, 06). Only female slaves | Niebuhr, JReisen, ii, 162), public dancing-girls (who are probably always prosti- tutes, yet do not usually dispense with the veil, Ilas- E ilquist, Trav. p. 7:>, but are easily induced to lay it aside, Niebuhr, Reisen, i, 184), and in general women of the lowest class constitute an exception to this uni- versal custom. These usages appear, on the whole, to have been prevalent among the Israelites (see Bucher, Antiquit. Hebr. et Grac. de rc/a/is f minis, Budiss. 1717 1, Bince we cannot suppose the privacy and re- straint of females to have been less than in modern Oriental Bociety [see Wife], although in patriarchal times a less strict etiquette would seem to have pre- vailed with regard to the use of the veil. Virgins (Gen. xxiv, 15 sq.) and even wives (Gen. xii, 11) of the old Hebrew nomads, especially in domestic em- ployments, appear to have gone unhesitatingly with- out a veil, as still in Arabia (Wellsted, i. 2 19) and Pal- estine! Russegger, iii, 109); but the betrothed covered herself in the presence of her bridegroom (Gen. xxiv. t;.", : comp. tin- phrase nvben viro), and to this ad of
delicacy the apOStle appears to allude in ] (J0r. xi, 5
sq. Courtesans were known by their deep veiling
(Gen. xxxviii, 15; comp. Petron. 16), and sought the more to decoy by this mark of modesty. That the veil was a principal article of female costume in the Israelitish republic appears from Isa. iii, 22; Cunt, v, 7; and ladies of rank may have worn several veils, one over the other, like the modern Oriental women (Buckingham, ii, 383). The various species of veils designated by the several Heb. terms having this gen- eral significance are but uncertainly indicated by the etymologies of the different words: (1.) b^'j, ra' ill (Isa. iii, 19), is thought (in accordance with its Arabic synonym ral) to be the large general covering thrown looseby around the head and temples, and hanging down in walking, yet so arranged about the eyes as to allow the female to see through the folds (see Jahn, pi. 9, fig. 10). In the Talmud (Mishna, Shabb. vi, 6) Arab women are designated (ri?h""') from this pecu- liarity of dress. (2.) T^, radio" (Isa. iii, 23 ; Cant, v, 7), may denote the thin covering that Oriental fe- males still wear over the entire clothing, and might have been earlier styled a mantle (see Jahn, pi. 8, fig. 12; comp. Schroder, Vestit. mulier. p. 368 sq.V (3.) A still different kind of veil, which is yet worn in Egypt (Niebuhr, Reisen, i, 166) and Syria (Arvieux, Voyage, iii, 247), covered the bosom, neck, and cheek as far as the nose, while the eyes were left free (see Jahn, pi. 10, fig. 1). This form is depicted on the Persepolitan ruins, and may also have been in com- mon use by the Hebrewesses. Yet this import cannot, on intrinsic grounds, be assigned to either of the words SpSX, tsa'iph' (Gen. xxiv, 65; xxxviii, 14, 19; Sept. S-fptarpo)'), or rt52^, tsammah' (Cant, iv, 1, 3 ; vi, 7 ; Isa. xlvii, 2) ; and whether this last means in general veil (Hartmann, Hebriierin. iii, 236 sq.) is doubtful (Ge- senius, Jesa. in loc. ; Rosenmiiller, Cant, in loc). — Wi- ner, ii, 416. See Veil.