Atthar'ates (ATZanariic), given (1 Esdr. ix, 49) as a person's name ; evidently by a mistake of the translator (comp. Athakias) for the title Tirshatha (q. v.) of the original text (Neh. viii, 9).
Atticus, St., patriarch of Constantinople in 406, during the life of the rightful patriarch, Chrysostom ; he succeeded Arsacius, who was intruded into the throne when Chrysostom was driven away. He was born at Sebaste, in Armenia, and led an ascetic life under Eustathius, the bishop of that see. He was a man of ability. Palladius accuses him of being the author of the conspiracy against Chrysostom ; and the share he took in the persecution cf that saint, and his refusal after his death to replace his name on the dip- tychs, caused the Western bishops and the people of Constantinople to refuse him their communion until the name of St. Chrysostom was restored. Socrates, who was no great admirer of Chrysostcm, pives a more favorable account of Attieus (lib. vi, cap. 20 ; vii, cap. 2). lie died Oct. 10, 126, having filled the see twenty years. Socrates has preserved a letter of this patri- arch to Calliopius, bishop of Nicffla, in which he in- forms him that he has sent him three hundred golden crowns lor the poor of that city. He directs him to administer to the wants of those pcor persons who were
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ashamed to come forward for relief, and on no account to give anything to those who made a business of beg- ging. He also recommends that the distribution should be made without any distinction as to religious grounds {Hist. Eccles. vii, 25). Sozomen (Hist. Eccles. viii, 27) says of him that "he possessed more natural gifts than literary attainments, while he evinced aptitude for the management of affairs, and was as skilful in carrying on intrigues as in evading the machinations of others. His sermons did not rise above mediocri- ty, and were not accounted by his auditors of sufficient value to be preserved in writing," and asserts that "as Atticus was distinguished alike for learning, pi- ety, and discretion, the churches under his episco- pate attained a very flourishing condition." He also wrote to Eupsychius concerning the incarnation (The- odoret), and to St. Cyril of Alexandria concerning the restitution of the name of St. Chrysostom in the dip- tychs, and another to Peter and yEdesius, deacons of the church of Alexandria, concerning the restoration of peace in that church. A fragment of a homily on the Nativitjr will be found in Labbe, hi, 11G. — Cave, Hist. Lit. i, 384 ; Landon, Eccles. Diet, i, 610.
Attila (called by the ancient Germans Etzel, in the Magyar language Atzel), a celebrated king of the Huns, ruled from 434 to 453. He assured his people that he had discovered the sword of their god, with which he was to procure for them the dominion of the world. He called himself the Scourge of God, and his subjects looked upon him with superstitious awe. He extended his sway over a large portion of Europe and Asia, and but for his defeat by iEtius in the Catalau- nian plains, in 451, would have destroyed the Roman Empire. He spared the city of Rome in consequence, it is believed, of the impression made upon his mind by Pope Leo I. See Leo I, Pope.
Attire (Q^l'jp, keshurim', girdles, Jer. ii, 32 ; " headbands," Isa. iii, 20). Under this head we pro- pose to bring together a general description of the va- rious articles of apparel with either sex among the ancient Jews, so far as this can be gathered from the notices of antiquit}', leaving a more detailed account to each portion of dress in its alphabetical place, while a comparison with modern Oriental styles will be found under Costume, and a statement of the mate- rials under Clothing. (See generally Jahn's Ar- cheology, § 118-135.) Compare also Dress.
I. Male garments. — The regular pieces of raiment worn by men were chiefly the following, to which may be added, in cases of royalty or eminence, the signet, crown, and sceptre, and (for ornament) the anklet, bracelet, etc. (which see severally).
1. The shirt or tunic, in Heb. rOJFlB, kitto'neth, gen- erally rendered by the Sept. \lT^vi which indeed is but a Grrecized form of the Heb. word (see Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 724). It was the usual under-garment (comp. Lev. xvi, 4) of youths (Gen. xxvii, 3, 23, etc.) and men (2 Sam. xv, 32), also of the priests and Le- vites in their service (Exod. xxviii, 40 ; Lev. viii, 7, 13 ; x, 5). Female tunics or " chemises" were also called by the same name (2 Sam. xiii, 18 ; Cant, v, 3). The kittoneth was commonly quite short, scarcely reaching to the knee ; but eventually, as a peculiar kind, there is mentioned (Gen. xxvii, 3 ; xxiii, 32 ; 2 Sam. xiii, 18 sq.), as an ornamental dress of young persons of either sex, the kittoneth passim', MFlS En32, tunic of the extremities, i. e. reaching to the feet (for so the word appears to signify; see Gesenius, Tins. Heb. p. 1117 ; rather than party-colored tunic, "coat of many colors," as in the Auth. Vers, after the Sept. and Vulg.), which was an under-dress with sleeves, and extending to the ankles (Josephus, Ant. vii, 8, 1).— Winer, ii, 333. See Tunic.