Calatrava, a military order of Spain, named from the town of Calatrava, in New Castile. It had its origin in the following circumstances : When Alphon- so, the father of Sanchez III, had taken the town of Calatrava, in 1147, from the Moors, he gave it to the Templars to defend ; but when it was spread abroad in 1158 that the Arabs were about to attempt the recsp- ture of the place, the Templars resigned it again to Sanchez, who thereupon presented it to Raymond, ab- bot of the Cistercian monastery of St. Mary. The Arabs, after all, did not attempt the place ; but many of the warriors who had been drawn together for it« defence (as well as many of the lay brethren of the convent) entered the Cistercian order, but under a habit more fit for military exercises than for tboee of monks. They were designated as the order of Calatra- va. It was approved by Pope Alexander 1164, and con- firmed by Gregory VIII 1187. The knights at first wore a white scapulary and hood, but in 1897 the Anti-pope Benedict XIII* permitted them a secular dress, dis- tinguished by a red cross fifxw-dt- lisee. In 1486, Ferdinand and Isa- bella obtained a bull from Pope In- nocentius VIII, which reserved the nomination of the grand master to the pope. Adrian VI, however, annexed ^^ ^^ ^*' ' the grand mastership of this order to i the crown of Spain . The knights made a vow of obedi- ence, poverty, and conjugal chastity (for they were per- mitted to marry once), and were bound to maintain the immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin. * As a monastic order the institution has ceased to exist, but there are now said to be nearly eighty commanderies and priories in Spain, generally given as rewards of merit
Nun and Knigfat of Calatrava, in public Dreas.
CALCOL
19
CALDWELL
to pofitical fkyorites. Since 1219 the <»rder had also nans, who had to prove, before being admitted, their d^ scent from noble booses. They wore the drees of the Gisfeercian nans, and their principal monastery was at Afanagro. They are now likewise secularized. — HeU jot, Ordrea BeUg. toL i ; Landon, Ecd, Diet, s. ▼.
Col'col (1 Chron. ii, 6). See Chalcol.
Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and an episcopal see of the Church of England, on theHoogly. The bishopric was erected in 1814, and the bishop is metro- pditan of India. The incumbents have been, 1 . Thom- as Fanshaw Middleton, May 8, 1814 ; 2. Beginald He- ber, June 1, 1823 ; 8. John T. James, June 4, 1827 ; 4. J. Matthias Turner, May 17, 1829; 5. Daniel Wilson, April 29, 1832, died 1858, who commenced the building of a cathedral church, and the foundation of a chapter ; 6L George £dward Lynch Cotton, D.D., consecrated 18&8 ; 7. Robert Milman, February 2, 1867. Calcutto has also been the centre of an important system of Protestant missions, both English and American. See
IlTDIA.
Calderwood, David, a Scotch divine, was bom in 1575, and m 1604 became minister of the parish of Crealing. When James I in 1617 sought to bring the Scottish Church into conformity with the Church of England, Calderwood was strenuous in opposition. Persecution and threats having failed to shake Calder- wood, he was imprisoned, and afterward banished. He retired to Holland, where he published AUare Da- nopcemMs Mti eeclesim AngUcanm poUtia, etc. (L. Bat. 1623, best ed. 1708, 4to), in which he enters into a fiiU examination of the principles of the Church of Engu Und, its govemment, ceremonies, and connection with the state. The work made a great impression at the time, and was translated into English under the title of Tke AUar of Damatauj or the Pattern of the Engtisk Uierarehg amd Church obtruded upon the Church of Scot- land (1621, 12mo). A report having been spread that Calderwood was dead, a man named Patrick Scot pub- Ibhed a pretended recantation, with the title '*CaIder- wood*s Becantation, directed to such in Scotland as refose Conformity to the Ordinances of the Church" (London, 1622). Calderwood, in the mean time, had returned secretly to Scotland, where he lived some years in concealment. He collected the materials for a BUtoryofthe Kirk ofScoOand^ which he left in MS., and which has been published by the Woodrow Sod- etg (Edinb. 1842-9, 8 vols. 8vo). From the materials of this work Calderwood wrote his True Hittory of the ChMTck of Scatktadfrom the Beginning of (he ReforTna- tim unto the End qfthe Beign of Jama F7(1678, fol.). He died about l^^.—Englith Cgdopadku
Caldroxi, prop, a large cooking vessel, is the ren- dering in obtain passages of the Auth. Vers, for the foHowing words : 1. li^JK, agmon' (Job xli, 20 [12]), a heated hettU, others a burning reed ("rush" else- where) ; 2. n^^, dud (2 Chron. xxxv, 18 ; "pot," Job xli, 20 [12]; Psa. Ixxxi, 6; " kettle," 1 Sam. ii, 14), a large froifer (also a **basket"); 8. ^^p, sir (Jer. m, 18, 19; Ezek. xi, 8, 7, 11, elsewhere "pot"), the most general term fbr a kettle or basin (also a " Uiom") ; 4. m^P, hoBack'aih (1 Sam. ii, 14; Mic. ill, 8), a pan
Bkwce Caldron.
From the Egyptian Bemalns In the British Muaeum.
or pot (so called ftt>ra pouring) ; 5. Xl^c (2 Mace, vil, 8), a hettU^ in this case a large caldron for torture. Metallic vessels of this description have been obtained Arom the ruins of Egypt, and still more lately two cop- per caldrons were discovered by Mr. La3rud among the excavations at Nimroud {Nvn, and Bab. p. 149 sq.), about 2^ feet in diameter, and 8 feet deep, resting upon a stand of brick work, with their mouths closed by large tiles, and containing a variety of smaller bronze ob^cts. See Pot.