1. For secular f7#e.— The ordhuuy (wheaten) bread of the Hebrews certainly had the shape of flat biscuits ; and as this has been already sufficiently discussed un- der the article Bake, we will here consider only those finer sorts, which appear to have been of more artifi- cial manufacture. The terms for these are as follows :
(1.) Ash-cakesj rhi^y, uggoth\ See Ash-cake.
(2.) Pancakes, baked in oU in the n^n^l?, marche'' tkethy or pot (Lev. 11, 7 ; see Jarchi hi RosenmQiler, ad loc), perhaps like modem dougk-muis. See FBTnro- PAM. Different are the n'in*^nP,/e5t5oa' (2 Sam. xiii, 6-18 ; Sept. Ko^Xvpiho), cakes kneaded of dough (ver. 8), which, boiled in a deep pan, were emptied out firom it tender, but not liquid (ver. 8, 9). The import of this last, horn the etymology, is very uncertain (see Sddiger, De interpret. Arab. Ubr. hist. p. 94; Thenius on Sam. xiii, 6; Gesenius, TTkes. p. 141). It was prob- ably a kind of frmcy cake, tbe making of which appears to have been a rare accomplishment, since Tamar was required to prepare it for Ammon in his pretended ill- ness (2 Sam. xiii, 6).
(8.) HoU-cahes, niin, dudhth' (2 Sam. vi, 19), which were mingled with oU C|P^9 ni^!)^^, see Bfthr, SymboL ii, 801), and baked in' the oven (Lev. ii,4).
(4.) Wafers, D''p'»p'J, rekOeim^ (Exod. xxix, 2; Lev. viii, 26 ; 1 Chron. xxiii, 29), made very thin (Gr. Xa- yava), and spread with oil Ci^^S D'^n^Q, Sept Sia- Kfxaptoftiva iv iKaitfi). See Wafer.
(5.) Crackers, the 0*^*71^3, nikkuddim', of 1 Kings xiv, 8, translated '* cracknels** in the Authorized Ver- sion, an almost obsolete word, denoting a kind of crisp cake, q. d. ** crumb-cake.*' The original would seem, by its etymology (if fhmi ^p3, speckled, spotted, Gen. XXX, 82 sq.), to denote something spotted or sprinkled over, etc. Buxtorf {Lex. Talm, coL 1886) explains thus : ** Little circles of bread like the half of an egg, Temmoth, c. 5;" and in another place (Epit. rod, Hebr. p. 544), ** Also the crackers, 1 Kings xiv, 8, commonly called Uscuk, received their name because they were formed in little round slices as if stamped out, or be- cause they were punctured in some peculiar manner.** It is, indeed, not improbable that they may have been
CAKE
16
CAKE
a tort of Uscnit, or snuOl and hard4>akod cakea, oaloo- lated to keep (for a journey or some other purpoee) by reason of their exceesive hardness (or perhaps being rmbe 6aiked, as the word 6i0ei(»t Implies). Notonljare such haid cakes or bisci^ still used in the East, bat they are, like all biscnits, pimetiired to render them more hard, and sometimes, also, thej are sprinkled , with seeds, either of which circomstances sufficiently j meets the conditions suggested by the etymology of the Hebrew word. The existence of such biscuits is further implied in Josh, ix, 5, 12, where the Gibeonitea describe their bread as having become as hard as btKuU (not " mouldy," as in the Authorized Version) by rea- son of the length of their journey. See Cracknel.
(6.) Hon^-cakes, ttJana T\'^r}^^ UappidiUk' hid^ bath' (Exod. xvl, 81 ; Talm. r?^?^^ Mishna, Chaila, i, 4), such as are still much relished by the Arabs. See HoNBY. Different fh>m these were the raitm-cake$, D'tnaM *^^*^K, atkitkey' anabm' (Hos. iii, 1; Sept TSfAfuxTa ficrd vra^j^ac, Authorized Yersion ** flagons of wine"), probably a mass of dried grapes pressed into form; comp. the hmpt ("cakes") offigty tt'^b^'^j debdim\ in 1 Sam. xxr, 18. See Fio. The term no*^^K, ashithah' (as explained by the Targ. of P».- Jonathan at Exod. xri, 81 ; also the Ifishna, Nedar, vi, 10 ; see Gesen. Thet, i, 166 sq.), seems to denote the same kind of cakes as used for refreshment (Cant, ii, 5 ; 2 Sam. vi, 19 ; 1 Chron. xvi« 8). See Flaook. A species of cake prepared with honey is thought (so Jerome) to be referred to in Ezek. xvi, 18 (see Bosen- mOller, in loc).
(7.) The hoiked fiagments of the offering^ *^T^^^ D'^riD rnsp, tvtppiney' rmnchaih' pattimf (lit. eooking$ nf the offering of [i. e. in] pieces, Auth. Ver. " baken pieces of the meat-offering," Lev. vi, 21, L e. cooked and prepared like the meat-offering, and then broken up into pieces ; comp. Lev. ii, 4 sq. ; vii, 9), are prob- ably cooked pieces that were again kneaded up wiUi oil and baked (comp. Wansleb in Paulus, Samnd. iii, 880; B&hr, i%m6o/. ii, 802). For this purpose use was made of a frymg-pan, t^an?, mackabcOh' (Lev. ii, 5, etc.), probably a flat iron plate (stew-pan or griddle), beneaUi which the fire was kindled (comp. Niebuhr, i, 284). See Pan.
(8.) The Ufin cakes, D*^3>i3, hwvamim' (" cakes," Jer. vii, 18 ; xHv, 19), a sort of wafer used in heathen of- ferings, are rendered in the Sept. by the Grecized term Xav&vtif which is explafaied by Suidas and other an- cient glossarists as signifying bariey-cakes steeped in oil ; compare the cakes and barley-meal used with sac- rifices among the Greeks and Ronuins (see Smith*s Diet, of Class. Andq, s. v. Sacrificium). See Quebu OF Heavem.
The only remaining Heb. wotds relating to tiie sub- ject, or rendered "cake" in the Auth. Vers., are, 515^, madg^, a cake, i. e. whole piece (q. d. " slice") of bread (1 Kings xvii, 12; in Psa. xxxv, 16, in the phrase ihs^ ^^^^1 caJMniffoons, scurrm pUiceiUa, " mockers In feasts," i. e. table-jesters) ; nsp, matstsahf (Josh. V, 11 ; Judg. vi, 19, 20, 21 ; 1 Cl^n. xxiii, 29, etc.), moeet or unleavened bread, as usually rendered [see Leaven] ; and \>^'l, tseUd", or i'^i^, tMlW (Judg. vii, 18), a round cake of barley-bread. ' The '''ih, dbn', of Gen. xl, 16 (where it only occurs in the expression '»'lh '^iO, Sept. Kava xovipiTwv, Vulg. ctmistra fari- na, Auth. Vers. **»We baskets," marg. " baskets /ti/7 of holes'^), may signify either vhite bread, as made of fine flour (in the Mishna, Edaioth, iii, 10, "^^n is a spe- cies of bread or cake like the Arab, chumaiirag, white bread or flour), or it may refer to some peculiarity of I the baskets merely. See Basket. In the Mishna, , Challa, xi, 4 sq., many other kinds of cake are referred «