to, but the Import of the words there employed is wy uncertain. On the Greek cakes, see eepecijAlly Athen. xiv, 644 sq. See generally Ran, Diss, de re cibari JSfii. brmor. (Tr. ad Rh. 1769).'Winer, i, 686. See Food.
2. As saerijkial Offerings. — ^The second chapter of Leviticus gives a sort of list of the different kinds of bread and cakes in use among the ancient Israelites, for the purpose of distinguishing the kinds which were firom those which were not suitable for oflferings. Of such as were fit for offerings, we find,
(1,) Breadbakedinotfens(Jjer,ii,4); but this is Um- ited to two sorts, which appear to be, first, the bread baked inside the vessels of stone, metal, or earthen- ware, as was customary. In this case the oven is half filled with small smooth pebbles, upon which, when heated and the fuel withdrawn, the dough is laid. Bread prepared in this mode is necessarily full of In- dentations or holes, fh)m the pebbles on which It is baked. Second, the bread prepared by dropping with the hollow of the handa thin layer of the almost liquid dough upon the outside of the same oven, and which, being baked dry the moment it touches the heated sur- face, forms a thin, wafer-like bread. or bisculL The first of these Moses appears to distinguish by the char- acteristic epithet of rhbn, ehaUoth^ (see above), per^ forated, arftdl of holes (Exod. xxix, 2; Lev. U, 4 ; vii, 12; Num. vi, 15, etc.), and the other by the name of D'^pilp^, rekukim', thin cakes, being, if correctiy iden- tified, by much the thinnest of any bread used in the East A cake of the former was offered as the first of the dough (Lev. viii, 26), and is mentioned in 2 San-, vi, 19, with the addition of ** btesid"—pe7f orated bread. Both sorts, when used for ofiisrings, were to be unleav- ened (perhaps to secure their being prepared for the special purpose) ; and the first sort, namely, that which appeax% to have been baked inside the oven, was to be miced up with oil, while the other (that baked outside the oven), which, from its thinness, could not possibly be thus treated, was to be only smeared with oiL The ftesh olive oil, which was to be used for this purpose, imparts to the bread something of the fiavor of butter, wUch last Is usually of Very indifiSarent qualify in Eastern countries.
(2.) Bread baked in a ^xm— 1st, that which, as is still usual, is baked in, or rather on, the to/en. This also, as an offering, was to be unleavened and mixed with oiL 2d. This, according to Lev. ii, 6, could be broken into pieces, and oil poured over it, forming a distinct kind of bread and offering. And, in fact, the thin bis- cuits baked on the tqjen, as well as the other kinds of bread, thus broken up and remade into a kind of dough, form a kind of food or pastry in which the Orientals take much delight, and which makes a standing dish among the pastoral tribes. The ash-cake answering to the Hebrew T\X9, uggah', is the most fi%quently employed for this purpose. When it is baked, It Is broken up into crumbs and rekneaded with water, to which is added, in the course of the operation, butter, oil, vinegar, or honey. Having thus again reduced it to a tough douf^h, the mass is broken into pieces, which are baked in smaUer cakes and eaten as a dain- ty. The preparation for the Mosaical offering was more simple, but it serves to indicate the existence of such preparations among the ancient Israelites.
(8.) Bread baked upon the hearth — ^that is to say, baked upon the hearth-stone, or plate covering the fire-pit, which fi^quently answers the purpose of an oven. This also was to be mixed with oil (Lev. Ii, 7).
As these various kinds of baked bread were allowed as offerings, there is no question that they were the best modes of preparing bread known to the Hebrews in the time of Moses ; and as all the ingredients were such as Palestine abundantiy produced, they were such offerings as even the poorest might without much dif. ficnlty procure.— Kitto, s. v. Bread. See Shbw-b&bad.
CALAH
17
CALAMY
dlah (Heb. Ke'laek, n^|, viwmm old age, as in Job ▼, 26 ; in pause Kaflack, nba ; Sept \dkaXi Ynlg. C%aie)y one of the most ancient cities of Assyria, vhose foundation is ascribed either to Asshnr or Nim- rod (Gen. s, 11). The place has been thought iden- dcal with the Chalack (Tbn, Sept. 'AXak) named else- where [see Halah] (2 Kings xrii, 6; xviii, 11; 1 Chnm. T, 26) ; bat, on monumental evidence, the Raw- linsons (Herod, 1, 368) regard the site of Calah as mark- *ed by the Nimrud ruins, which have famished so large a proportion of the Assyrian antiqoities. The Talmud {TomOt z) locates it on the Euphrates, near Borsippa (q'^'nia). If at Nimrud, Calah must be considered to have been at one time (about B.C. 980-720) the cajdtal of the empire. It was the residence of the warlike Ssrdanapalns and his successors down to the time of Strgoo, who boflt a new capital, which he called by fais own name, on the site occupied by the modem Kkordobad, This place still continued under the later kings to be a town of importance, and was especially ikTored by Esaiiiaddon, who buUt there one of the grasdest of the Assyrian palaces. In later times Ca- lah gare name to one of the chief districts of the coun- try, iriiich appears as Calacmi (KaXaiuvij, Ptolem. vi, 1, 2), or Calachine (KaKaxrpnt, Strabo, xvi, p. 680, 7SQ, in the geographers. Layard (Nineveh and Us Be- ■MMif, ii, 55) suggests that it may possibly be extant m tin very extensive ruins called Kakh Shergat, on the west side of the Tigris, above its junction with the Lesser Zab. But see Bbsen. Less probable is the identification with Chanianj the former summer resi- dence of the caliphs in Arabia or Babylonian Irak, ac- cordmg to Abnl£sda, five days' journey north of Bag- d^ (in Anville, 68|^ long., 8^^ lat.), which, accord- ing to Assemani CBibL Or, III, ii, 418 sq., 758), is also caHed Cialcka (comp. Michaelis, J^^, p. 767 ; Rosen- mulleiv Akerth. I, ii, 98). Ephraem Syrus (in loc. Gen.) understands the old Mesopotamian Chetro on the Hgris (RoeenmCOler, t5. p. 120 ; but see Michaelis, Spidleg. i, 245 sq.). As it would seem to have been at some distance firom Nineveh, the city of Resen lying between them, most earlier writers concur in placing it on the Great Zab (the ancient Lycos), not fJEur from its junction witi> the Tigris, and R^en is placed high- er np on the same river, so as to be between it and Kineveh (Bochart, PkcJep, It, 22). See Asstbia.