The camp-meetings were introduced into England by Bev. Lorenzo Dow (q. v.), an earnest Methodist preacher, who, after laboring for some time in Eng- Isnd as an independent itinerant, and finding, in 1807, a general religious interest in Stafibrdshire, suggest- ed to the people the plan of camp -meetings. The people immediately adopted it. A fiag was hoisted on Mow Hill ; the population gathered to it from all the snrroundinK regions, and the first English camp- meeting was held. William Clowes and Hugh Bourne, who were among the most zeabus and uselhl laymen hi the revivals of that period, took an active part in the first meetinp^s. Bourne vindicated them in a pam- phlet, which called forth counter publications from the preachers of Bursldm and Macclesfield circuits. As it was alleged that many excesses attended such out- door services, the Wesleyan Conference, in 1807, de- dared, ** It is our judgment that, even supposing such meetings to be allowable in America, they are highly improper in England, and likely to be (Reductive of considerable mischief, and we disclaim connection with them." Their advocates, however, continued to hold them. Hugh Bourne, who aroused the people of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire with his ex- hortations and prayers, was expelled in 1808 from the connection by the Bnislem Quarterly Meeting; and, two years later, Clowes, who continued to attend the eamp-meetings, was ^so expelled. Clowes commenced a course of home-missionary labors, giving up his busi- ness for the purpose. In 1810 the ** Primitive Methi odist** denomination was organized, which sanctioned tlw habit of preaching in camp-meetings, as well as in market-places and on the highways. See Mbtho- MSTS, Pbimitivb. The Wc«leyan Conference has never taken back its disapproval of the camp-meetings ; but the Wesleyans in Ireland comn^nced to hold camp- meetings in 1860, and their organ. The Irish Evangdist, took ground in Ikvor of them. See An Essay on CnapHReefm^ (N. T. 1849) ; Stevens, Bist, of Meth- cdism, iii, 224 ; Bangs, History of M, E. Chtrch, ii, 101; Porter, Compendium of Mtthodlsm, p. 146, 468; Pewter, Camp-Meimgs (N. T. 24mo} ; M€th, Quart, Bb- Me«,1861,p.582.
CaimiB, Jbah Pikbrb, Bishop of Belley, was bom at Paris in 1582, and was consecrated bishop Aug. 81, 1609. He devoted all his energies to the duties of his diocese, especially in reforming abuses, and endeavor-
61 CANA
ing to bring back the monks and nuns to a regular life. On the Utter point he was rigid. In 1629 he resigned his see, and retired into the abbey of Aulnai, given to him by the Ung upon his resignation of his bishopric. He afterward entered the Hospital of In- curables of Paris, where he died, April 26, 1658. The number of his writings is inunense ; the Abb6 Le Clerc attributes to him more than two hundred volumes, con« sisting of controversial, moral, and devout treatises, sermons, letters, and religious novels. He was a bit- ter and sarcastic foe of the Mendicant orders. — Lan- don, Ecd, Dictionary, ii, 526; Kiceron, Mimoires, xxxvi, 92.
Cana (Kavo), a town hi Gainee, not fiur from Ca- pernaum, and on higher ground ; it is memorable as the scene of Christ's first miracle (John ii, 1-11 ; iv, 46), as well as of a subsequent one (iv, 46-54), and also as the native place of the apostie Nathaniel (xxi, 2). Tkis Cana is not named in the Old Testament, but is mentioned by Josephus as a village of Galilee (Xffe, § 16, 64; War, i, 17, 5). The site has usually been identified with the present Kefr Kmna, a small place about four miles north-east from Nazareth, on one of the roads to Tiberias. It is a neat village, pleasantiy situated on the descent of a hill looking to the south- west, and surrounded by plantations of olive and other fruit-trees. There is a large spring in the neighbor- hood, enclosed by a wall, which, if this be the Cana of tlie New Testament, is doubtiess that from which wa- ter was drawn at the time of our Lord's visit. It is also observable that water-pots of compact limestone are still used in tliis neighborhood, and some old ones are, as might be expected, shown as those which once contained the miraculous wine. Here are alf o the re- mains of a Greek church, said to stand over the house in which the miracle was performed, and — doubtiess much older — the fountain firom which the water for the miracle was brought (Mlslin, iii, 448-446). The Christians of the village are entirely of the Greek Church. The " water-pots of stone" were shown to M. Lamartine, though at Willibald's visit, centuries before, there had been but one remaining (Early Trav, p. 16). In the time of the Crusades the six jars were brought to France, where one of them is said still to exist in the Mus6e d* Angers (see M. Didron's Essays in the Annales ArdUoloyiqutSy xi, 5 ; xiii, 2). Thm is also shown a house said to be that of Nathaniel. Kefr Kenna has been visited and described by most travellers in Palestine. The tradition identifyiDg this village with Cana is certainly of considerable age (see Hegesippus, p. 5). It existed in the time of Wil- Ubald (the latter half of the eighth century), who vis- ited it h) passing from Nazareth to Tabor ; and again in that of Phocas (twelfth centuiy ; see Beland, p. 680). Saewulf, who visited Palestine hi A.D. 1102, says, *' Six miles to the N.K of Nazareth, on a hill, is Cana of Galilee" {EaHy Trao, in Pal, p. 47). Marinus Sa- nutus, in the fourteenth century, describes Cana as lying north of Sepphoris, on the side of a high hill, with a broad fertile plain in frx>nt (Gesta Dei^ p. 258). Quaresmius states that in his time (A.D. 1620) two Canas were pointed out (Elvdd, ii, 852). — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. V.