Campen, James Van, one of the chiefs of the Anabaptists. After the expulsion of the sect from Germany he went to the Netherlands, and John Boc- cdd (q. V.) appointed him, in 1534, bishop of Amster- dam. He was executed in 1534.
Campen, John de, was bom at Campen, in Over- yssel, about 1490. Ho studied Hebrew under Reucb- lin, and filled the Hebrew professorship at Louvain from 1519 to 1581, after which he travelled into Ita- fy, Germany, and Poland. At Bome he was enrolled smong the Hebraists of the pope. On his way back to Louvain he died of the plague, Sept. 7, 1588. He published De natvrci Uttentnm etptmctomm HebraicO' rum ex vctrns Elks LevUtt optucuHt Ubelltu (1520, 12mo) ; tin Pnlmorum omnkonjuxta Helnraieamverkatem par-' tfkratliea wUerpretaiio (1582, 16mo ; trans, into Eng- lish, Loud. 1585, 24mo) z—Parapkram m Sabnonii EO" deAulen^ and CommentarioH m Epist. PtimU ad Rom. H GaL (Venice, 1584).— fio^. Uffio, vi, 687 $ Landon, EodU Dktumary, i, 525.
Campen, Thomas Van. See Kxkpis, Thoh- is 1.
Camphire (^93, io^pher; Sept Kvirpoc ; Lat cy- ,prat, the egipnu-flower), rendered in our margin <y- prm (Cant i, 14; iv, 18).
It is entirely different fr-om the modem fften cam^ fioTf aldiough the names iqtpear to be etymologically eonnected. The latter is a product of a tree largely cultivated in the island of Formosa, the Camj^ora ofEcmorun, of the Nat. order Lawracem, There is an- other tree, the Dryobalanops aromaiica of Sumatra, which also yields camphor; but it is improbable that the substance secreted by either of these trees was known to the ancients. The plant in question is con- ceded to be the e^^emaa of the Arabs (ZowiofiM Miermic sod ipinofa of Linnsus, which Lamarck and some other naturalists regard aa the same spedes, and name it Lawtoma oBxi, alleging that the thorny ends of the branches characteristic of the latter are due only to old age; but each seems to retain its peculiar traits under cultivation), described by Dioscordes (i, 125) and nby (xii, 24) as growing in Egypt, and producing odorifSsrous flowers, ttom which was noade the oUwn Csprtmmn, Mariti remarks that *' the shrub known b the Hebrew language by the name of h^pker is com- mon in the island of C3rprus, and thence had its Latin name;'' also, that "the sdrut Cypri has been sup-
posed to be a kind of rare and exquisite grapes, trans- planted from Cyprus to Engaddi ; but the Botrut is known to the natives of Cyprus as an odoriferous shrub called hemuL, or alkcama,'* So B. Ben Melek (ad Cant, i, 14), as quoted and translated by Celsius {Hierdbot, i, 223). If we refer to the works of the Arabs, we find both in Serapion and Aviceuna reference from their Hinna to the description by Dioscorides and Galen of Kuproi or Cyprot. Sprengel states {Comment, on Dio§- : cor, i, 124, note) that the inhabitants of Nubia call the henna-plant Khofreh; he refers to Delisle {Flor, jEgypt. p. 12). If we examine the works of Oriental travellers and naturalists, we shall find that this plant is universally esteemed in Eastern countries, and ap- pears to have been so from the earliest times, both on account of the fragrance of its flowers and the coloring properties of its leaves (see Prosp. Alpin. c. 13). It
Stem of the Lawtonia InermiSy with enlarged View of (he Flower, Pericarp, and Seed.
was especially abundant near Ashkelon (Pliny, xii, 51 ; Josephus, War, iv, 8, 8). Thus Rauwolff, when at Tripoli (TVaveU, iv), ** found there another tree, not unlike unto our privet, by the Arabians called Alcana or JETefMio, and by the Grecians, in their vulgar tongue, Schenmi, which they have firom Eg3rpt, where, but above all in Cayre, they grow in abundance. The Turks, and Moors nurse these up with great care and diligence because of their sweet- smelling flowers. They also, as I am informed, keep their leaves all win- ter, which leaves they powder and mix with the juice of citrons, and stain therewith against great holidays the hair and nails of their chOdren of a rM color, which color may perhaps be seen with us on the manes and tails of Turkish horses" (see also Belon, ii, 74). The variety called Lawmmia spimosa is larger than the other, growing to a height of fh>m four to six feet ; its flowers are less abundant and less fhigrant, but have a more powerfully coloring property. In appearance both plants resemble myrtle ; the flowers (which grow in /clusters) are small and beautiftilly white, and exhale an agreeable odor. The women take great pleasure in them. They hold them in their hand, carry them in theb: bosom, and keep them in their apartments to perfimie the air (comp. Cant, i, 18). To prepare the leaves for the use to which the plant is so generally applied by the women of Egypt, they are gathered about the commencement of spring, and, having been exposed to the air till thoroughly dry, are reduced to
CAMPHUTSEN
60
CAMP-MEETING
Lawaonia <SjpinoM.
powder, which being afterward made into a paste, b then fit for use. This paste requires about five hours to dry upon whatever part it may be laid, and the red tinge it imparts is durable. It was anciently applied to the nails of the hands and feet, to the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, and sometimes to the hair. Brides in Persia are still thus ornamented on the night before marriage (Sir Wm. Ouseley*s Travels in Pershf iii, 665). From the appearance of the nails of mummies, there can be no doubt that it was used in the same manner by the Egyptians as it is by their de- scendants in the present day. The expression render- ed in Deut. xxi, 12, in directing the treatmej^of a fe- male captive, ** pare her nails," is supposdflb mean " adorn her nails," and would imply the antiquity of this practice, although others are of opinion that the marginal reading, **■ sufier to grow," is the more cor- rect sense, as an act of mourning. See Paiht.