! prophets were called from that employment to the pro- phetic dignity, as Elisha was from the plough (1 Kings xix, 19), and Amos from being a herdsman. But the
; tending of flocks was not confined to the men. Ra- chel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father*s sheep (Gren. xxix, 9), and Zipporah and her six sisters had
' the care of their father Jethro^q flocks, who was a prince or priest of Midian (Exod. ii, 16). The following ac- count is translated fivm Winer, Reaba. ii, 881, 894, 732. See Hbbd ; Flock.
Bull of PaloBtine. I. Neat CatUe, — ^These are designated collectively by the Heb. term ^]^2, hakar'; single animals of this kind are called t\^iH, aUvph', an "ox," or 'nilZJ, shor (Chald. "nin, tor), a "bullock;" the calves are stj^led ?55, t^'gd, often a ycorWn^— fem. fl^f^, fglah', a " heifer" (also a young cow, even when broken to the yoke, Judg. xiv, 18 ; Hoe. x, 11) ; when grown, but still in full youthful vigor, ^B,|)ar, a steer — fem. n^D, parah', a heifer (juvencus, juvenca ; comp. Varro, Bes Rust, ii, 6, 8). The nomadic Abrahamids (like the Homeric chiefe, see Feith, Antiq, Horn. p. 406) already practiced the raising of cattle (Gen. xii, 16; xviii, 7 ; xxiv, 86; xxxii, 6; xxxiv, 28; comp. xiii, 6), and when they emigrated into Egypt still carried it on (Exod. X, 9, 24 ; xii, 82 sq.). In later times, also, this was a principal pursuit of the Israelites, especially in several districts of Palestine (Dent viii, 18; xii, 21 ; 1 Sam. xi, 6; xii, 8; 2 Sam. xii, 2; Psa. cxliv, 14; Jer. iii, 24 ; v, 11 ; Judith viii, 6, etc.). The oxen are there somewhat small, with short horns, and a bunch of fat on the shoulders (Hasselquist, TVoi^eZf, p. 180 ; comp. Shaw, Travels, p. 150). The finest herds and strongest bidlocks were feund.in Bashan, beyond Jor- dan (Num. xxxii, 4) ; hence the Bashanite steers are often put metaphorically for formidable enemies (Psa. xxii, 18), while Bashanite cows are a symbol of state- ly women (Amos i, 4). In the district west of the Jordan, the plain of Sharon, extending to the Medi- terranean Sea, afforded the finest pastures (Isa. Ixv, 10 ; see Jerome in loc.). Even the kings had their herdsmen (1 Chron. xxviii, 29). There was great de- mand for neat cattle; many hundreds were yearly- slaughtered in sacrifice (and these were animals of the finest quality, as among other nations, see Herod, it, 41 ; Xenoph. C^prop. viii, 81 ; Varro, Res Rust, ii, 5, 11 ; Pliny, viii, 10, etc.), others were employed for food or festive occasions (Dent, xii, 21 ; 2 Sam. xii, 4; Tobit viii, 21 ; Matt. xxMi, 4), as then generally beef (1 Sain. xiv, 82; 1 Kings xix, 21; comp. iv, 28; Neh. v, 18), and still oftener veal was a feast to the Israelites (Gen: xviii, 7 ; 1 Sam. xxviii, 24 ; Amos vi, 4 ; Luke xv, 23, 27, 80), it being anciently regarded as an act of wan- ton prodigality to slay useftil agricultural beasts (com- pare ApoUon. Rhod. ii, 665 sq.) in order to enjoy their flesh (iElian, Var. Hist, v, 14; Anim, xii, 84; Varro, R, R, u, 6, 6 ; Pliny, Hist, Nat, viii, 70 ; Valer. Max. viii, 1 ; Cic. Nat. Dear, ii, 65). See Food. The milk was used either sweet or curdled, and was made also into cheese. See Milk ; Cheese ; Bdtteb. Cattle
CATTLE
164
CATTLE
were yoked to the plough (Deut. xxii, 10 ; 1 Kings xix, 19 sq. ; Isa. zxx, 24; Amos vi, 12; Job i, 14; comp. Jodg. xiv, 18 ; JoBepbos, ArU, xii, 4, 6), likewise for draught (Num. vii, 8, 7 ; 1 Sam. vi, 7 ; 2 Sam. vi, 3, 6), and were sometimes employed fbr burdens (1 Chron. xii, 40; comp. ^lian, Anim. vii, 4), but espe- cially for threshing (comp. Baba Metia^ vi, 4 ; Chtlim, xvi,7). See Agriculture. They were driven (J udg. iii, 81 ; 1 Sam. xili, 21 ; compare Sirach xxxviii, 25 ; Acts ix, 5) with a pointed stick (*1^b^, malmad^^ or la'I'^T, dorhan'; Kkvrpov or fiovKtvrpoVy also fiovrrkri^ in iUady vi, 185, Lat ttimultu [comp. Schol. ad Pindar, PyOu ii, 178]), an instrument employed also fbr horses (Ovid, Metam, ii, 127 ; see Schdttgen, De ttimtilo bourn, Frcf. a y. 1717). See Goad. During summer cattle ranged under the open sky. In the stalls (2 Chron. xxxii, 28) their fodder (lYov. xiv, 4 ; Luke xiii, 15) was placed in a crib (O^l^aM, ebtu'; ^nnj). Besides fresh grass and meadow-plants (Dan. iv, 29; Num. xxii, 4), meslin (b'^bs, belU', Job vi, 5 ; Isa. xxx, 24 ; )My te'ben, Isa. xi, 7) is mentioned as provender of cattle, a mixed food, like the Roman yarro^ (Geseni- us, Thetaur, p. 212). That salt (to gratify the appe- tite) was added may be inferred from Isa. xxx, 24 (see Gesenius in loc.). See Salt. Cattle were great- ly annoyed by insects, and perhaps the Y*^P.i he'rett (A.y. "destruction''), of Jer. xlvi, 20, indicates some sort of such noxious creature, namely, the gadfly or (Esinu (see Hltzig in loc. ; otherwise Gesenius in loc). See Beeve.
In the Mosaic law the following enactments relate es- pecially to oxen : 1. The mouth of the threshini^-cattle was not to be bound so as to prevent their eating the provender spread under them (compare Burckhardt, ProverbSf p. 67). See Muzzle. Hence the term "threshing oxen'* sometimes stands for fat or well- conditioned animals (Jer. 1, 11; see RosenmQller in loc.). 2. Whoever stole and then sold or slaughtered an ox must give five oxen in satisfaction (Exod. xxii, 1) ; but if the animal was found alive in the possession of the thief, he was merely required to make double restitution (Exod. xxii, 4). See Theft. 8. Whoever met an ox that had fallen or strayed was under obli- gation immediately to help it up and bring it back to the owner (Exod. xxiii, 4 ; Deiit. xxii, 1, 4), an injunc- tion the more needfhl in a country not only thinly in- habited, but intersected by many desert tracts. See Palestine. 4. An ox and an ass must not be yoked together to the plough (Deut. xxii, 10). This prohi- bition is evidently akin to those relating to heteroge- neous combinations, although Michaelis (Afos. Recht^ iii, 149) gives it another interpretation. See Diverse. Respecting unruly cattle (Exod. xxi, 28 sq.), see Dam- ages. It was considered unmerciful to take the only beast of a widow m pawn (Job xxiv, 8), See Debt. On the subject generally, see Bochart, Flieroz, i, 268 sq. ; Ugolino, De Re Rust, ffebr, (in his Theaaur, xix), ii, 9 sq. For the symbolical worship of the young bull, see Calf, golden. Compare Beast.