Modem Egyptian Lady with the Sa/a and Turiwn.
ments worn by Arab women about theb necks. Bat to this Gesenius very properly objecta (Tesa. i, 209), as well as to the explanation of Jahn {ArckdoL I, ii, 2, 189), who renders the word *' gauze veila" (Smith, s. v.). Others understand golden ornaments appended to braids of the hair behind (see Kitto*s Daily lUn^n- tkm in loc.). The hair of Oriental women is usually divided into a number of braids or tresses, which fall down upon the back, and to each of which is added three silken threads, each charged with small orna- ments in gold, and tenninating in small coins of the same metal (see Kitto, Pict, Bible in loc. ; Lane, Mod. Eg. i, 69, 60 ; ii, 409, 410). See Ork ameht.
Causeway (nio^, menOak'), a raised way (1 Chron. xxvi, 16, 18), or staurs of wood ("terrace," 2 Chron. ix, 11). In these passages it apparently refers to an ascent by steps, or a raised slope between Zion and the Temple, which in subsequent times was n- placed by the bridge. In 2 Chron. ix, 4, it ia called !l|^b^ (aliyah^y an *' ascent." In most of the passages where it occurs, the former word signifies any public road, and is translated '* highway."
CauBSin, Nicholas, a French Roman Catholic di- vine, was bom at Troyes, in Champagne, hi 1&83, and was received in the order of the Jesuits in 1G07. He tanght rhetoric for a time in different colleges, and Richelieu made him confessor to Louis XI I L He died July 2, 1651. His principal work is Cour Saimte (6 vols. 12mo, The Holy Court^ transl. by Sir Thomas Hawkins, Lond. 1663, fol.). It had great sncoeas from the style of its biographies and its fervid devotion. Fuller has adopted much of its style in his Boly <md Profane State. Part of it was translated into Latin, under the title Aula Impia Herodis (Col. 1644, 8vo). He published also De ehquentia tacra el humana^ libri xvi (7th edit. Lugd. 1651, 4to); Symbolica jEff^pHomm iapienda, mme pod varias editiones denmo edka (Par. 1647, 4to).— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. GhUrale, ix, 262.
CavaHer or Cavallier, Jeah, one of the chief leaden of the Camisards (q. v.), was bom in 1679, at Ribaute, near Alaix, in Languedoc. He was a Prot- estant, and in the penecation of 1701 he fled to Gene- va. When the insarrection in the C^vennes broke out in 1702 he joined the insurgents, and soon rose to command. With incred%1e skill and success he kept up the warfare until 1704, when he made a treaty with Manhal Yillare. He then became a colonel in the king's service, and was even introduced at Versailles. Afterwards feeling himself to be an object of suspicion, he escaped, and subsequently went to Great Britain. Here he published his Mmoirei^ which were translated into English (Dublin, 1726, 8vo). igfcer having com- manded a regiment of Huguenot refugees at the battle of Almanza, he died, govemor of Jersey, in 1740.— Smedley, Hief. of the Reform. Bel. in Prance^ voL iii, chap. XXV ; Hoefer, JNTotfr. ^ie^. (^aiMii^, ix, 279. See Camisards.
CavaUierl, Giovanni Miohelb, an Augustine monk of Lombardy, bom at Bergamo about the end of the 17th century. He died in 1757, leaving behind him aA a monument of learning and industry a work entitled Opera omnia liturgica (Aug.Vind. 1764, 5 volf. folio), containing a vast mass of information in the shape of commentaries on the decrees of the " Sacred Congregation of Rites" at Rome.— Hoefer, Abler. Biog, GSnkrale, ix, 284 ; Biog. Univ. tom. iii, p. 448.
Cavalry. See Horse; Chariot.
Cavasilas. See Cabasilas.
Cave, properly rt^J^a, medrah'^ (everywhere so ren- dered, except " den" in Isa. xxxii, 14 ; Jer. vii, 11 ; ** Mearah" [q. v.], in Josh, xiii, 4) ; ovijXatov (" den," except in John xi, 88) ; occasionally ^*)n, chor (literally a "hole," as generally rendered; hence a cavem. Job XXX, 6, etc. ; whence the name Horitb, i.e. troglodgte;
CAVE
167
CAVE
also Hainan, L e. coMmoitf; Hobohaim^ i. e. IvJn cao»; Bkth-Hobon, L e. flaoe m iha koUow\ or "n^n, dbar (also rendered "hole*'); once M^m, medUObA", Isa. ii, 19. Grottoes seem lUso to be indirectly denoted by the terms t3*^12in, dtaganfim' (refuges in the rocks, "dcfts," Cant. iC 14; Jor. xMx, 16; Obad. 8), and n;^ll3p, mmAortiA^ (a Juture through which a stream flows, **den," Jndg. vi, 2); both of which are com- bined in the Greek term dirfi C* cave," Heb. xi, 88 ; '' place" of water, James iii, 11). See Dbm.
1. As mttKral Feaiures, — ^The geological formation of Syria is highly fiivorable to the production of caves. It consists chiefly of limestone, in different degrees of density, and abounds with subterranean rivulets. The springs iBSulng from limestone generally contain car- bonate of lime, and most of them yield a large quanti- ty of free carbonic add upon exposure to the air. To the erosive efiect upon limestone rocks of water charged with this acid the formation of caves is chiefly to lie ascribed (Enc, Afetropol, art. Geology, p. 692, 698). Many of tiiese have also been artificiidly enlarged and adapted to various purposes both of shelter and de- fence (Page, Text-Book of Geology, p. 141 ; Kitto, PAyj. G»gr. o/PaL p. 72). This circumstance has also giv- en occasion to the use of so large a number of words as are employed in the Scriptures to denote caves, boles, and fissures, some of them giving names to the towns and places and their neighborhood (Gen. xiv, 6; xxxvi, 21 ; Deut. ii, 12 ; Job xxx, 6 ; comp. Strabo, i, 43 ; xvi, 775, 776 ; see Burckhardt, SgnOf 410 ; Robin* son, ii, 424; Stanley, Sinai and Palest, Append. § 68- 71). The subordinate strata of Syria, sandstone, chalk, hiualt, natron, etc. fiivor the formation of caves ; con- sequently the whole region abounds with subterranean hollows of different dimensions. Some of them are of immense extent; these are noticed by Strabo, who speaks of a cavern near Damascus capable of holding 4000 men (xvi, p. 1096, edit 1707). This cavern is shown to the present day. Modem travels abound with descriptions of the caves of Syria. The Crusade writers record the local traditions respecting them cur- rent in their times (William of Tyre ; Quaresmius, Ehidd. Ter, Sane), Tavernier {Vogage de Perse^ part ii, chap, iv) speaks of a grotto between Aleppo and Bir which would hold near 8000 horse. Maundrell has described a large cavern under a high rocky moon- tab, in the vicinity of Sidon, containing 200 smaller caverns {Travels, p. 158, 159). Shaw mentions the nu- merous cLbus, holes, and caves in the mountains on the sesFcoast, extending through a long range on each side of Joppa. An innumerable multitude of excavations are found in the rocks and valleys round Wady Musa, which were probably formed at first as sepulchres, but