2. Goats, — ^Thb kind of stock is usually classed with ibeep under the word *)XS, tson, or (when a single head is intended) niO, sek, and thus associated with neat cattle, ^j^^? haka/ (as in Hom. ^i^Xa, then ^c)* The terms for goats individually are : "i^, ex, a Ae-^oa<; D'>f5 t^^'^rto, seirath' izzimf (shaggy female of the goats), a she-goat ; for the buck, more distinct- ivdy, there are several terms: pi^FI, ta^yisk; *Tin$, att»^'; 'l'»rte, sair^ (more fully WV ^*^r©, «ir' w- ttV, L e. shaggy male of the goats) ; *1*^B28, tsephif'; *nf, gedi% is a collective term. Goats were reared by
the early patriarchs (Gen. xv,9; xxxii, 14; xxxvii, 31), as by the modern Bedouins ; and in later times they also formed an important element (in all the hUly regions of Palestine) of agricultural wealth
Ooat of PalesUoe {Capra Mambrieu), (comp. 1 Sam. xxv, 2 ; Cant, vi, 6 ; Prov. xxvii, 26 ; see Ezek. xxvii, 21). They were used not only for sacrifice, but also for food (Deut. xiv, 4 ; comp. Buck- ingham, ii, 67; Robinson, i, 342; Wellsted, p. 406), especially the young males (Gen. xxvii, 9, 14, 17; Judg. vi, 19; xiii, 16; 1 Sam. xvi, 20), as still in the East (Russel, Aleppo, ii, 28). The milk of goaU was also an article of food (Prov. xxvii, 27), being more wholesome than that of sheep (Pliny, x xviii, 33; comp. Bochart, Bierog, i, 717 ; Prosp. Alpin. Res .^Egypt. p. 229). Goat-skins were only employed as clothing by poor persons, or such as chose to wear mean apparel (Heb. xi, 37). They were generally made into water or wine casks. See Bottle. Goat*s hair was often the material of tenUcloth (Exod. xxvi, 7 ; xxxvi, 14 ; comp. Delia VaUe, Trav. i, 206; Arvieux, iii, 226; Vokiey, i, 303 ; Thevenot, iii, 196), as well as of mat- resses and bedding (1 Sam. xix, 13, 16 ; but see on this passage Kolkaj,Quast,Bibl.spec,U,b6 sq.),and fre- quently of cloaks (Robinson, i, 279). See Tent ; Bol- ster ; Clothino. The goats of the nomadic Arabs are generally black; but in Syria (Russel, ut sup. ; Thevenot, ii, 196; Russegger, i, 712) and Lower Egypt (Sonini, i, 829) there are found goats of a large size, like the European, with hanging ears (often a foot or more in length), and of a bright red color: this species is called Cctpra Afambrica. Whether the Angora goat (Copra Angorensis of Linn.) (see Hassel- quist, p. 286 ; Toumefort, iii, 488 ; Schubert, i, 379), whose long, soft, silky hair is niade into the well- known ^'camlet" stuff, was also indigenous to Pales- tine (Schubs, Lett, v, 28, will have it found oniLeba- non), is undetermined ; it is possibly that referred to in Cant, vi, 6. On the Mosaic enactment respecting the cooking of a kid in its mother's milk (Exod. xxiii, 19 ; xxxiv, 26 ; Deut. xiv, 21), see Kid. The sym- bol of the Macedonian (Alexander's) empire by a he- goat (fi'^yn ^I'^B^) in Dan. viii, 6 sq., may be illus- trated by the epithet ^gean {AiytdBig, q. d. goat- men), applied to the Greek colonies on that part of the Mediterranean Sea (comp. Justin, vii, 1, 7). See Macedonia. See generally Bochart, Hieroz. i, 703. On the Syrian wild goats, see Ibex. Comp. Goat.
Catil (f^'!?ni'^, yo<A«'ret&, properly a redundant part, i. e. Jlap, Exod. xxix, 1% 22; Levit iii, 4, 10, 16 ; iv, 9 ; vii, 4 ; viii, 16, 25 ; ix, 10, 19) is, according to the Septuagint and Vulgate, the great lobe of the liver ; the margin of our version says, " It seemeth by anatomy and the Hebrew doctors to be the midriff." The word might be rendered the lobe over the liver, although it makes a part of the liver itself, and this appears to be more applicable than the net over the liver, termed the lesser omentum. See Liver. In Hos. xiii, 8, the Heb. word rendered "caul" of the heart is "^iJiO (segor*, literally enclosed), and means the pericardium, or parts about the heart.
CAUL
166
CAVE
The term translated "cauls" in Isa. iii,18 (0*^0*^31^, 8hebmm\ literally netiinffs, Sept. ifiirXoKia) was per- haps a cap of network worn by females. The caps of network in the accompanying wood-cat are from a
Ancient ABayriaa Hair-nets, relief in the British Museum, representing singers and harpists welcoming Sennacherib on his return from conquest. Fig. 1 has the hair curiously arranged, but perhaps not in a caul. There is also in the British Museum a real cap of network for the hair, from Thebes, the meshes of which are very fine. See Hbad- DBEss. As to the true meaning in this passage, the versions give but little assistance. The Sept ren- ders ifiirXoKia ** plaited work,*' to which Kocvfifiovg, " fringes," appears to have been added originally as a gloss, and afterwards to have crept into the text. Aquila has reXa/i(tfvac, ** belts." The Targum mere- ly adopts the Hebrew word without translating it, and the Syriac and Arabic vaguely render it '* their orna- ments." It occurs but once, and its root is not else- where found in Hebrew. The Rabbinical commenta- tors connect it with f^sd, shibbets^y rendered *' embroi- der" in Exod. zxviii, 89, but properly **to work in squares, make checker-work." So Kimchi (Lex, s. v.) explains shebisim as ** the name of garments wrought in checker-work." Rashi says they are **a kind of network to adorn the head." Abarbanel is more full ; he describes them as ** head-dresses made of silk or gold thread, with which the women bound their heads about, and they were of checker-work." The word occurs again in the Mishna (JTe/tm, xxviii, 10), but nothing can possibly be inferred fh>m the passage it- self, and the explanations of the commentators do not throw much light upon it. It there appears to be used as part of a network worn as a head-dress by women. Bartenora says it was " a figure which they made upon the network for ornament, standing in front of it, and going round fh>m one ear to the other." Schroeder (Z)e Vett. Mid. cap. ii) conjectured that they were me- dallions worn on the necklace, and identified them with the Arab thomaisehy the diminutive of jAanw, the SU9, which is applied to denote the sun-shaped oma-