2. Chains for ornamental purposes (comp. Judith x, 4) were worn by men as well as women in many coon- tries both of Europe (Smith's Diet, of Class. AnL s. ▼. Torques) and Asia (Wilkinson, iii, 875), and probably this was the case among the Hebrews (Prov. i, 9). The necklace (PJ?., amak^) consisted of pearls, corals, etc., threaded on a string ; the beads were called D*<nin, chxmmm, that is, perforated (Cant, i, 10, ' ' chains," where " of gold' ' is interpokted). Besides
Various Forms of ancient Egyptian Pendants.
CHAIR
195
CHALCEDON
thtt necklace, other chains were worn (Judith x, 4) hanging down as fiir as the waist, or even lower. Some were adorned with pieces of metal, shaped in the form of the moon, named D'^SIilb (saharonim'^, Sept ftrtviiTKoi ; Vnlg. lumda ; A. Y . round tires like the moon; Isa. iii, 18); a similar ornament, the hildl^ still exists in Egypt (Lane's Modem EgypdoM^ App. A.). The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with such (Judg. viii, 21, 26) ; the Arabs still use a similar ornament (Wellsted, i, 801). To other chains were suspended various trinkets, as scent-bottles, *^r):a dB|!l (bottey'^ han^ne'pheshj tablets or houses qfthe soul, Isa. iii, 20), and mirrors, D*^3i'^b> {gihfonim\ Isa. iii, 23). Step^(iuam,tmS%t8eadoO^,tin^^ were attached to the ankle-rings, which shortened the step and produced a mincing gait (Isa. iii, 16, 18). See Anklet; Necklace. The particular female orna- ments thus rendered in Isa. iii, 19 (nifiI93, netiphoth', Sept. Ko^ffiaj Vulg. torques), signify drops or pen- dants to earrings or other articles of jewelry. See
EABRnfO.
8. The means adopted for eottfimig prisoners among the Jews were either manacles or fetters of copper or iron, similar to onr handcuffs, Q^tl^nS (neckushta^yim^ lit too brasses, as though made in naWes), fastened on the wrists and ankles, and attached to each other by a chain (Judg. xvi, 21 ; 2 Sam. iii, 84 ; 2 Kings xxT, 7 ; Jer. xxxix, 7). It was a custom among the Kbmans likewise to fasten a prisoner with a light chain to the soldier who was appointed to guard him. One end of it was attached to the right liand'of the prisoner, and the other to the left hand of the soldier. This is the duun by which Paul was so often bound, and to which he repeatedly alludes (Acts xxviii, 20 ; Eph. vi, 20; 2 Tim. i, 16). ' When the utmost security was desired, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as was the case with Peter (Acts xii, 6 ; Walch, De vwculis Petri, Jen. 1758). (See Smith's Diet, of Class, AnUq. s. y. Catena.) See Fetteb.
Idols, it appears, were fixed in their shrines with chains (Isa. xl, 19). Pride is embiematicaUy termed a chain which keeps men imder its power (Psa. Ixxiii, 6; comp. 1 Esdr. i, 40 ; Wisd. xyii, 87; Ecdns. yi, 24, 29). See Wemyss, ayiiJbol. Diet. s. y. Chair. See Cathedra ; Seat ; Throne. Chais, Charles-Pieerb, a Swiss diyine of the Reformed Church, was bom at Geneya in January, 1701. In 1728 he became pastor of the French con- gregation at the Hague ; and he remained in that charge until his death, October, 1785. He transhi- ted, from the English of Stackhouse, Ae Sens Utth-al de tEcriture Scdnte (La Haye, 1788, 3 vols. 8vo) ; and also published a commentary on the Bible (La Sainte Bible aoec un Comment. liUiral, et des Notes i^oi- »M et tiries de divers auteurs Anglais, 6 vols. 8vo ; La Haye, 1742-77 ; a seventh volume was issued after his d«ith by Dr. Maclaine, with preliminary dissertations, 1790); a work on Biblical Theology {Theol. de VEcri- titre Sainte, ou la Science du Sahtt, 2 vols. 8vo, 1762) ; fdtkkism historique et dogmatique (La Haye, 1765, 8vo); and numerous minor works. — Senobier, Histoire l^. de Genkne; Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. Gmkrale, ix, 556. Chaise. See La Chaise. Chajug, Jehuda ben -David, commonly called Chtco, and in Arabia Abukaria, Jachja B. Djt^d el- fosi d-Kartubi, and Jacl^a, a Jewish writer who is '■sgarded by Jewish critics as the chief of Hebrew gwmmarians (ft'^p'njjntan ttJKI), was bom in Fez aboat A.D. 1020-1040^ and hence is sometimes also «ned JthMda Fast (^n«B M^irr^). He was the first 'flM) recognised that the stem words of the Hebrew ^^"osist of three consonants, as up to his time some of the cbief etymologists and expositors, e. g. Suadia Gaon, Menachera. Ibn-Saruk, maintained that there were bi-
literal and even monoliteial stems. He, too, was the first who discovered the true relation of the quiescent letters, forming the mnemonic "^lilK, and their changes. It was he, too, who arranged the Heb. verbs according to their conjugations, distributing them under two heads : 1. Kal, light, not burdened with any forma- tive additions ; and, 2. Cabed, hea/vy, being burdened with formative additions ; and fixed six conjugations, viz. 1. Kal; 2. NijAal; 8. Hiphil; 4. HUhpael; 5. Pual and Hophal; and, 6. PieL This arrangement has been substantially adopted by all grammarians, and is ex- hibited in fdl the regular paradigms of the verb given by Gesenius, Ewald, and all modem linguists in their Hebrew grammars. These discoveries and scientific principles Chajug propounds in three books. The first is caUed T|^a?lJ naSl ni*ni« ^fib» and treats chief- ly of the quiescent letters, in three sections. The sec- ond book is called b&!S!n '^b!?!? ^&D, and treats of