The acts of this Cbuncil in Greek, with the exception of the anathemas, are lost See Evagrius, Hist. Eccl.
ii, 4; Labbe and Cossart, CondUa^ tom. iv; Mansi, Conci'iay vi, 690; Landon, Man. ofOmndUy p.l 13-127 ; Gieseler, Church History (Cunningham's), i, 240 ; Mas- heim, Church History^ bk. ii, cent v, pt. ii, ch. v, § 15, 16; Keander, Church History, ii, 518, 524; Hefele, Com- cilungtschichte, ii, 892; especially Domer, Person of Christ (Edinburgh, div. ii, vol. i, p. 93-106) ; Scbaff, Church Hist, ii, § 56, 65; u, § 141; Shedd, J7tjto/y </ Doctrines, i, 898 sq. ; Elliott, Delineation of Honzamsm, bk. iii, ch. ili, xt See Cubistoloot; Councils;
EUTTCHES; NeSTOBIAKISM.
Chal'oedony (xaXinj^wv) occurs only in Rev. xxi, 19, being the precious stone with which the third foundation of the wall of the New Jerusalem is gar- nished. According to Pliny {H. N. xxxvii, 8, § 16), chalcedony is a gem resembling the Callais or tur- quoise, and some have judged it to be a kind of car- buncle or ruby. Salmasius differs from thoee who make the color of chalcedony to be like that of the car- buncle, and says that they confound rbv Koffxtf^ovuw Ai'dov, which is a species of carbuncle, with ry x^'t' Soyitu ; but he confesses that it is by no means clear what stone the ancients called chcdcedomus. Pignelins on Rev. (xxi, 19) says that this stone has the color of a pallid lamp, shines in the open air, but is dark in a house, cannot be cut, and has powers of attraction. The etymology of the word is not less doobtfnl than its meaning. Some derive it from xaXrof, from a bdief that it rings like brass when struck. Others have derived it from XaXKtjiutv, as though from a locality where it is found, and others from Kapxn^^- (See Braun. de Vest. Htb. ii, c. ii, p. 525 ) The Chalcedomus was so called from Chalcedon, and was obtained from the copper mines there ; it was a small stone, and of no great value. It is described by Pliny as resembling the green and blue tints which are seen on a peacock^s tail or on a pigeon's neck. Mr. King {A ntique Gems, p. 8) says it was a kind of inferior emerald, as Pliny un- derstood it. This mineral is supposed by some to be the same that occurs in the Ileb. Scriptures (Exod. xxriii, 18) under the name of T{fi3, no'phek (translated "em- erald**), but this is doubtful. See Emerald. Chal- cedony of modem lapidaries is a variety of amorphous quarts, and the distinction between it and agate is not very satisfactorily established. It is harder than flint (spec. grav. 2.04), commonly semi-transparent, and is generally of one uniform color throughout, usually a light brown, and often nearly white (and then term- ed " white cornelian*') ; but other shades of color are not infrequent, such as gray, yellow, green, and blue. Chalcedony occurs in irregular masses, commonly form- ing grotesque cavities, in trap rocks and even granite. It is found in most parts of the world ; and in the East it is employed in the fabrication of cups and plates, and articles of taste, which are wrought with great skill and labor, and treasured among precious things. In Europe it is made into snuff-boxes, buttons, knife-han- dles, and other minor articles. (See Penny Cyclop<gdia, s. V. Quartz.) — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. See Gem.
Chalcidius, according to Fabricius (Bibl. Lot lib. iii, c. 7), a Christian Platonist of the 4th century. Oth- ers place him in the Cth century. He translated the Timmts of Plato, and added a commentary. Cave (Bist, IM. S<rc. iv, cm. 880) doubts whether he was pagan or Christian. Lardner says, ** I dare not be positive ; but to me it seems that he was a polite Platonic phikeo- pher, who was willing to be on good terms with Chris- tians, and I place him, with Cave, about A.D. 8S0." In his Commentary on Timseus he refers to the O. and N. T. repeatedly, and mentions the " star in the East**— Lardner, Works, vii, 570; Brucker, Hist, Crit. Phil ia 472; Murdoch's Mosheim, Church History, bk. ii, cent iv, pt. i, § 18, note; Cudworth, IntelL System (Loud. 1845), ii, 468 sq.
Chalcis (XaXKiV), a city of Palestine mentioned by Josephus (Ant. xiv, 8, 2 ; 7, 4 ; xix, 6, 1 ; 8, 1 ; xx, 1, 3 :
CHALCOL
197
CHALD^A
7,1; fr<ir,i,9,2;ii,12,l)andStrabo(xvl,2,16,p.763, 755) as lying under Mount Lebanon, near Ueliopolis ; Imt thought by Reland (Pakut. p. 815) to be different from the Chalcis in Syria, placed by the ArUonine IHn- erary between Beroa (Beroea or Berea) and Androna. Modem travellers (Thomson, in the BibUoiheca Sacra, 1848, p. 761 ; Seetzen, Reise, I, 262 ; Porter, i, 14-16 ; Robinson, Lot. Bibl. Res, p. 497, 498) have sought its Bite in the considerable ruins near Medjel Aqjar, 8 boors S. of Zahleh (Van de Yelde, Memoir, p. 803).
Chal'col (Heb. Kalcot, Vsbs, perhaps tutte- funee ; Sept. XaX;^aX v. r. XaXxdi, Josephus XaXiccoc, Aid, vili, 2. 5), one of the five sons of Mahol, who were famoos for theur wisdom before the time of Solomon (1 Kings iv, 81). B.C. ante 1010. In 1 Chron. ii, 6 (where the name is Anglicized '^Calcol") he and his brothers are enumerated as the sons of Zerah, the' son of Jodah, perhaps by an error for the name Hamol pre- ceding, which may be a transposition for MahoL See Dabda.