Claude, Jeaiv, one of the most eminent of FMnch Protestant divines, was bom at La Sauvetat, near Agen, in the south of France, in 1619. He studied theology at Montauban, was ordained in 1646, and be- gan his pastoral labors at La Tr6gue in the same year. In 1664 he was called to the church at Nismes, where he also taught in the theological school. In 1661 he was interdicted fh>m his functions by the government, as a penalty for opposing, in the provincial synod, a project of union between Romanists and Protestants proposed by the governor of Languedoc. He went to Paris to have this penalty revoked, and while there was prevailed upon by Madame Turenne (who wished
CLAUDE
370
CLAUDIUS
to save her hosband from Romanism) to write agalnit Amauld on the Eucharist, which led to a controversy of great note. Claude'f tractate was drcalated in MS. f bat in 1664 Amauld published his celebrated PerpHw- iUdela Foi^ etc. [see Arnauld], to which Claude re- plied in 1667 in his Repome om TraiU de la PerpkuiU de la Foi, etc. (see an account of the controyersy in Bayle, translation of 1786, 10 vols., iv, 866). He had previously been appointed minister at Montauban (1662), and also professor of theology. In 1666 he was interdicted again, and in that year he became pastor of the Reformed church at Charenton, near Paris. Here he remained, popular and useful, regarded as the chief literary defender of French Protestantism, until 1685. The eminent Port-Royalists, Amauld and Ni- cole, found him a capable and worthy opponent. *' In 1678 appeared his Defense de la JiifomuUion, ou Hi- sponte awe Prijugit Ugkimes de Nicole (latest ed. Paris, 1844, 8vo). In 1681 Claude had a controversial con- ference with Boesuet, after which he published Ri- ponse a la Omfkrtnce de Bouuet (La Haye, 1683, 8^). The conference, as usual, led to no approximation be- tween the contending parties." In 1685 the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV obliged Claude to seek refuge in Holland, where he was well received, on account both of his tale/its and his personal charac- ter, and the prince of Orange granted him a pension. He died Jan. 18, 1687. His PlaitUet dee Protestam cnteUem/ent opprimei dant le Royaume de France was published after his death (beat ed. by Basnage, Co- logne, 1768, 8vo). His style, though simple, was vig- orous, being sustained by logical slcill and erudition. La Devize wrote a biography of Claude (Amsterdam, 1687)" {Eng, Cydopadid), Several of his works are translated, viz. Townsend, Claude' $ Hittorical Defence of the Reformation, with Life of Claude (Lond. 1815, 2 vols. 8vo) : — Essc^ onthe Con^pomdon of a Sermon (lat- est ed. N. Y. 1853, 12mo) -.—Account of the ComplainU of the ProtesUmtt (London, 1707, 12mo). — Haag, La France Protesiante, iii, 473 ; Moshelm, Ch. ffitt, cent, xvii, sec. ii, pt. i, ch. i, § 12, note; Bayle, 1. c On Claude's qualities as a preacher, and his bomiletical services, see Vinet, Hittoire de la Predication, p. 803 •q. (Paris, 1860, 8vo).
Claude or TuBnr. See Clattditts, Clbmbks.
Clau'dia (KXavSia, fern, of Claudius), a Christian female mentioned in 2 Tim. iv, 21, as saluting Timo- theus, A.D. 64. She is thought to have t>ecome the wife of Pudens, who is mentioned in the same verse (al- though Linus is named between). It has been supposed that this Claudia was a British maiden, daughter of king Cogidunus, an ally of Rome (Tacitus, Agricol. 14), who took the name of his imperial patron, 'Hberi- us Claudius. Pudens, we gather from an inscription at Chichester, and now in the gardens at Goodwood, was at one time in close connection with king Cogidunus, and gave an area for a temple of Neptune and Mi- nerva, which was built by that king's authority. CU&udia is said in Martial (xi, 53) to have been of British extraction (caruleie Britanme edita). More- over, she is there also called Rufina. Now Poraponia, wife of the late commander in Britain, Aulus Plautius, under whom Claudia's father was received into alli- ance, belonged to a house of which the Rufi were one of the chief branches. If she herself were a Rnfa, and Claudia her protegee, the latter might well be called Rufina ; and we know that Pomponia was tried for having embraced a foreign religion (supertOtionis ex- terna rea) in the year 67 (Tacitus, Ann, xii, 82), so that there are many circumstances concurrent tending to give verisimilitude to the conjecture. On the other hand, it may be said that the attempt to identify this Claudia with the British lady Claudia, whose marriage to Pudens is celebrated by Martial (Epig. iv, 18), rests on no foundation beyond the identity of the names of the parties, and the fact that Martial calls Pudens
I ''sanctus," and says he was a corrector of his Teas ! But the identity of names so common aa Podecs ai Claudia may be nothing more than a raers a£cid» tal coincidence ; as for the term " sanctus,'* it ii f» cisely one which a heathen would not hare app^ to a Christian, whom he would have regarded u tk adherent of a ** prava superstitio" (Plioy, fy ai ^ Trqj.) ; and as respects Pudens's correction of )b- I tial's verses, until we know whether that wu t oa- ; rection of their style or a correction of their oeA (in which case Pudens really must have done hift v«t very badly), we can build nothing on it. On tlie od- or hand, tiie immoral character of Martial himidf n» ders it iftiprobable that he should have bad a Cfantfia and a friend of Paul among his friends. Fait&« j Paul's Pudens and Claudia, if husband and wife,si^ I have been married before A.D. 67, the latest ditet&< , can be assigned to Paulas writing. But Martisl's e^ gram must have been written after this, perhipt ki- eral years after, for he came to Rome only in A.D.H; so that, if they were married persons in 67, it is s« I likely Martial would celebrate Uieir nuptials yetn ii> I ter this. In fine, if Paul's Pudens and Claudii vet I unmarried at the time of his writing, they mast i ' least have been persons of standing and repuutia I among the Christians ; and, in this case, can it be 9^ ! posed that a poet meaning to gratify them woald» j voke on them the favor of heathen deities, whom tbo had renounced with abhorrence ? See ArelideMi Williams's pamphlet. On Pudens and Claudia (LaaL I 1848) ; an article in the Quart, Rev. for July, 186S,o- ' titled " The Romans at Colchester;** and an ExcmM I in Alford's Greek Testament (voL iii, prolegg. p. 1(M> I in which the contents of the two works first mentifloed I are embodted in a summary form. See also Cost- beare and Howson's SL Paul, u, 484 n.— Kitto, b. t.; Smith, s. V.