Coln of Claudius.
^^^5f'»' TLOLAVn.OAE8AB'AVO.P-M.TBP.VmT*nn».rVl (H-
wriofl CUudiofl C'Mar Augustus Pontifex MaxirouN Tri- ^^ PotesUte Vim. Imperator XVI.); head, Uureate, nght. Reterae: Triumphal arch, on which eqaestiian fig- n« tnd tvo trophies, Inscribed na bbxtaxm (De Brttannls).
*w during his government, in so far as h was not ^^ the inflnence of his wives and freedmen, was ^^ ind popular, and he made eever&l beneficial
I enactments (see Merivale, Romam under the Empin, ' y, 474 sq.). He also erected numerous public build- ings, and carried out several important public works. I Having married his niece Agrippina, she prevailed , upon him to set aside his own son Britannicus in fa- vor of her own son Nero by a former marriage ; but, ' discovering that he regretted this step, she poisoned him on the 18th of October, A.D. 64. (See Smith's Dictionary of CloMfical Biography, s. v.) During the ^ reign of Claudius several persecutions of Christians I by Jews took place in the dominions of Herod Agrip- pa, and in one of them the apostle James was exe- I cuted. These dominions embraced by far the largest ' number of Christian congregations which were estab- lished up to the time of his death (A.D. 44). After his death, most of the territory over*which he had ruled ' was reincorporated with the Roman empire, his son, ' Agrippa II, receiving only Trachonitis and Gauloni- tis. Thus the Christian congregations began to at- tract to a larger degree the attention of the Roman I authorities. At the same time, the apostle Paul began I to establish congregations in many of the larger cities of the empire, while those of earlier origin assumed ' much larger dimensions. Nevertheless, the difference between Jews and Christians was not generally un- derstood by the Roman authorities, and this circum- I stance had some beneficial, but also some injurious consequences as regarded the Christians. On the one hand, the missionary activity of the apostles and their helpers met with no opposition on the part of the Ro- , man state (see Kraft, Probu. II de nateenii Chritti ee- I clegia tectm Judaica nomine tuta [Erlang. 1771], and J. I H. Ph. Seidenst&cher, Diss, de ChriOianU ad Trc^ num tuque a Ceuaribus et Senatu Romano pro cuUorilnu I religioms Moiaica temper habitis [Helmstfidt, 1790]) ; on the other band, many who might have been will- ing to join the Christian Church were deterred from doing so by the fear that the yoke of all the Jewish law would be placed upon them. (See Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-LexUoon, s. v.) 2. Claudius Ltsias (Acts zxiii, 26). See Ltsias.
Clandina, Clemens, bishop of Turin, sometimes called the ''first Protestant Reformer," was bom in Spain about the close of the eighth century, and edu- ; cated under Felix of Urgel, whom he accompanied j into France, Germany, and Italy, but whose errors there is no evidence that he adopted (Neander, Church I Higtory, iii, 480, Torrey*s). Called to the court of ' Louis le D^bonnaire to expound the Scriptures, he I was sent by that monarch, when emperor, to the see I of Turin (an event variously dated firom 814 to 828) in order to oppose the prevailing tendency to image-wor- I ship. Not only against this form of idolatry, but against the worship of saints, of relics, and of the cross, against the abuse of pilgrimage, against the ris- ing claims of tradition, prelacy, and the Romish see, he maintained a vigorous and able opposition till his death in 840, with such success and such results as usually attend those whose errors fall on the side of boldness rather than of timidity. Pope Paschal I re- proved Claudius ; he replied that so long as ** the pope did the works of an apostle, he recognised his apostoli- cal character, but otherwise, then Matt xxiii, 2, 8, ap- plied to him." His writings are chiefly commentaries on several books of Scripture, composed principally of extracts ftx)m the fiithers, and especially from Augus- tine. Many remain in MS. in various French libra- ries. His Comm. in Galaiaa, and excerpts from his Apologeiicwn, are given in Bibl. Max. Patr. xiv. See Neander, Ch. Hitt iii, 429 sq. ; Gieseler, Ch. Hist. per. iii, dir. i, § 12; Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines, ii, 422; Murdoch's Moeheim, Ch. Hist, i, 218, 226; Rudelbach, Claud. Tour. Episcop. inedit, opp. specindna (Copenha- fren, 1824, 8vo); Schmidt, in Zeitschnft fur die hi$t, Tkeol.1%^. ClaadioB, Matthias, better known under the
CLAUDIUS
872
CLAY
wm deplume ot^Amuu, or Der WamdAecker Bote (the Wandsbeck Messenger), a Gennan writer, was bom at Rbeinfeld, in Holstein, Jan. 2, 1740. He studied law at Jena, and, after having held for a short time an office at Darmstadt, became, in 1778, "revisor" at the Schleswig-Holstein Bank in Altona. He resided at the village of Wandsbeck, near Altona (hence his nom deplume)y where he spent the greater part of his life. He died on the 21st of January, 1815t, at Ham- burg, in the house of his son-hi-law, the publisher, Frederick Perthes. Claudius is still regarded as one of the most gifted popular writers of Germany, and hb books had a very large circulation during Ids life- time. He was on terms of intimacy with Voss, Her- der, Jacobi, Hamann, Lavater, Stollberg, and many other prominent literary men of his times. In the Church history of Germany he bears an honorable name as one of the most effective opponents of the vulgar rationalism which at that time threatened to obtain absolute sway over the whole of Protestant Germany. In his earlier writings, he, on the whole, confined himself to ridiculing the arrogance and intol- erance of the Rationalists ; but he steadily grew warm- er and more emphatic in his opposition to rationalism, and in his attachment to a strict Lutheranism, and on that account fell out with some of his former friends, as Toss and JacobL Claudius began in 1765 a complete edition of his works, under the title Atmut omnia sua 9ecumporian»y 8 vols., to which some addition was made in 1812 (latest edition, 1844). A biography of Clau- dius has been written by Herbst (Gotha, 1867).— Her- zog, Beal-Encyklop. ii, 712 ; Brockhaus, CoHversaiiont- Lexihotij iv, 647.