Cloak (^'^2^^, meiT, Isa. lix, 17, elsewhere ren- dered in our version "robe," or " mantle") was an up- per grannent or robe (of cotton ?), which extended be- low the knees, open at the top, so as to be drawn over the head, and having arm-holes. It was worn by the high-priest under the ephod (Exod. xxviii, 81); also by kings and persons of distinction (1 Sam. xv, 27; Job i, 20 ; u, 12), and by women (2 Sam. xiii, 18). See Appabel.
So, in the New Testament, the word I/iariW, ren- dered " cloak" in Matt, v, 40, is in its plural form taken for garments in general in other places (Matt, xvii, 2 ; xxvi, 65; Acts vii, 58 ; ix, 89). The cloak, or paOium (Acts ix, 89), was the outer garment (dif- ferent fh>m the ** coat" or fttme, x^^o^)* <^nd i^ seems to have been a large piece of woollen cloth nearly square, which was wrapped round the body, or fiwten- ed about the shoulders, and served also to wrap the wearer in at night. It might not be taken by a cred- itor (Exod. xxii, 26, 27), though the tunic could (Matt V, 40), which &ct gives peculiar force to the injunction of our Lord. See Cloth nro.
The ^XcJviyc, rendered " cloak" in 2 Tfan. iv, 18, was the Bomanpcmu^ a thick upper garment, used chief-
CLOD
890
CLOUD
ly in travalUiigf Instead of the toga, aa a protection from the weather. It seems to have been a long cloak without sleeves, with only an opening for the head. Others suppose it to have been a travelling-bag or portmanteau for books, etc. Discussions depalp PcmU have been written by Brenner (Giess. 1734), Heinse (Yiteb. 1697), Lakemacher (Hehnst 17221 Busmeier (Gryph. 1781), Yechner (s. L 1678). See Dress, etc.
Clod, VJ^A, gush, or ttJ'^A, gith, Job vii, 6, a bmp of earth ; ^^B^Jl^) meffraphak', Joel i, 17, a spade/tU of earth; n^n, re'geib, Job xzi, 88; xzxviii, BS^ a majt of earth ;' "ini^, iadad\ to ** break dods,** Isa. xxviii, 24 ; Hos. X, U ; to ** harrow," Job zzxix, 10, prop, to level the ploughed field. See Aobioultubb.
Cloiflter(Lat.claustrum,a»eiicftMttre). This term is often applied to a monastery (q. v.). It was origin- ally applied to the porch of the atrktm or paradise (q. V.) of a church [see plan of ancient church nnder Chitbch Edifices], in which interments wero made before it became usual to buiy In the church itself. The term Mster is now more usually used in Englbb to indicate the arcade surrounding the court encloeed by the buildings of a monastic establishment. This enclosed space was generally a garden, ornamented with a fountain and shrubbery, but it often served also as a burial-place for leadini? members of the brother- hood. The arcade (or cloister), in the first, or first and second stories of the buildings fSMiing the court, served, especially during bad weather, for processions, and as a promenade for the monks while saying pray- ers, meditating, or studying, and for health, recrea- tion, and conversation. In the Benedictine monaster- ies there was read in the cloisters each day a portion of the regulations of the order, and the entire body of the regulations before the assembled brotherhood four times a year. Stone seats were usually placed before the windows, and cells or stalls for study set into the wall of the building, off from the cloister. Belies and other objects of worship were sometimes placed in the cloister or the court The cloisters had often great architectural beauty, and some of them are very im- portant in their bearing on the history of architecture. Large monasteries often had several cloisters. The term daustrwn was in them applied also to the covered passage-way leading from one part of a monastic es- tablishment to anoUier. — ^Wetzer u. Welte, JTtrcAan.- Lex, vi, 228.
CLOISTEB-GABTH, the court or open space en- closed by a cloister (q. v.).
Cloke. See Cloak.
Clonltes. See Methodists, Prxmitiyb Wes-
LETAN, OF IbBLAND.
Close Commtmlon. See Ck>MMnNioN.
Closet O^Bn» chuppah'f a covering, Joel ii, 16), a bridal couch, with curtains, rendered by our transla- tors '* chamber" in Psa. xix, 5. See Bed. The Jews still employ the same wor^ to designate the canopy under wliich, among them, the nuptial ceremony is performed. See Mabriaob.
The word in th^N. T. rendered "closet" is rofinov, signifying properly a store-house (as in Luke xii, 24) ; hence any pUce of privacy and retirement (Matt, vi, 6 ; Luke xii, 8). See Pbateb.
Clothing (garment, \I7!)n^, lebvsh', Mvfia), Im- mediately after the Fall, our first parents clothed them- selves with the leaves of the fig-tree ; afterwards with the skins of animals. Subsequently some method, we may suppose, was discovered for matting together the hair of animals and making a sort of feltKjloth. Later still the art of weaving was introduced, and a web was formed combining the hair of animals with threads drawn from wool, cotton, or flax. The art of manu- fucturing cloths by sinnning and weaving is of very great antiquity (Gen. xiv, 28; xii, 42; Job vii, 6).
The Egyptians were celebrated for tndi nmmfisctursa. The Hebrews, while dwelling among them, learned tlie art, and even excelled their teachers (1 Cfaroo. hr, 21). See Wbavhto. While wandering in the Arabian wil- demess, they prepared the materials for oovering the tabernacle, and wrought some of them with embroid- ery. Cotton(?) cloth was esteemed most valoable, next to that woolen and linen. That which was manofiK- tured from the hair of animals was considered of leaat value. Silk is not mentioned at a very early period. unless it be so in Ezek. xvi, 10, 18. This, however, m clear, that Alexander found eiUks in Persia, and it ii more than probable that the Median dress adopted by the Persians under Cyrus was silk. It was not Intre- duced among the nations of Europe until a late period. (See these various materials in tiieir alphabetical or- der.) Garments woven or dyed of various colors were much esteemed in the East. They were genenOy made by women, and were occasionidly tastefully em- broidered (Gen. xxvii, 8 ; Exod. xxviii, 4-8 ; xxxix, 8 ; Judg. V, 80 ; Prov. xxxi, 21-24). The Ajoatic modes of dress are nearly the same from age to ase, and hence much light is thrown by modem observa- tion on the subject of the clothing of the Hebrews. See Costume. The principal articles of dress, with men, were the "cloak," "robe,* or "auntf/e,** constitntzBg the ordinary outer garment; the "shirt," or tane, forming the inner dress; the " Jurftoa" for the head; the "girdle'* for confining the garments at the waist; and the " sandals'' for the feet To these were added, in the case of females, the " veW* for concealing the fiice, and, as a matter of ornament, the showy ** head- dress," the "necklaces," " bracelets," and " ankkts,** the Jewelled rings for itte ears and nose, with other oc- casional articles of efleminacy, as in Isa. iii. (See each of these words in its place.) See Attikb. Change of Clothino. See Gabxeht.