ClOjrnOi ftn ancient episcopal town in the south- east of Cork county, fifteen miles east by south of Cork. The bishopric was founded in the 6th century by St. Colman, the abbey in 707, and the cathedral in the Idth century. Near the cathedral is a round tow- er 92 feet high. About 1430 the episcopate was united to that of Cork, separated in 1678, and reunited in 1885. See Cork. Berkeley, the celebrated philosopher, was bom here, and was bbhop of Cloyne in 1678. Brink- ley, the astronomer, who died in 1885, was also bishop of Cloyne. Population 1718. Cloyne is also the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, who belongs to the ecclesi- astical province of Ca8bel.--Chambers, Encydopadia,
Clab (only once in the plur., and that in the Apoc- rypha, 2 Mace, iv, 41, ivXiav Taxi?) thichMttea oft^ck$, L e. stout pieces of wood).
Clagny, Congregatioii o^ a congregation of Refbrmed Benedictine monks, establish^ in 909 at Clugny (now Cluni, a town of France, Department of Sadne and Loire, eleven miles north-west of M4con) by Duke William of Aquitania and Bemo, abbot of the Benedictine monasteries of Gigny and Baume. William gave to the new convents all the lands, fbr- ests, vineyards, mills, slaves, etc., of the domain of Clugny. The convent was to be always open for the poor, needy, and travellers, and to pay a snoall annual tribute to Riome ; it was to be exempt fh>m ducal and episcopal jurisdiction, being subject to the pope and the abbot only. William himself went to Rome to ob- tam the papal sanction. The convent began with twelve monks, under Bemo as its first abbot. Under his successor Odo (q. v.), one of the most influential men of his time, numerous French convents subordi- nated themselves to Clugny, thus forming the " Con- gregation of Clugny," which soon extended Ax>m Ben- evento to the Atiantic Ocean, and embraced the most important convents of Gaul and Italy. Under the ad- ministration of his successors Aymard, Maleul (Majo- lus), and St. Odilo, the congregation steadily extend- ed, many bishops and princes placing their convents under Clugny. A large synod of French bishops at Anse, during the time of Odilo, declared the exemption of Clugny invalid ; but under Odilo*s successor, St. Hugo (died 1109), the old privilege was recovered. The reputation of Clugny at this time greellly in- creased in consequence of three monks of the congre- gation ascending, within a brief space of time, to the papal chair— Gregory VII, Urban II, and Pascal II. Hugo, in 1069, began the construction of the basilioa of Clugny, which at that time was the largest in the
rid, and subsequentiy only a llttie surpassed by St.
Peter*8 Church at Rome. Under Hngo the gation numbered about 10,000 monks. His i Pontius de Melgueil, received the rigfat of < the functions of a cardinal, and assumed the title of Archiabbas. His ambition having involved him is great difficulties, he resigned, and undertook a pilgrim- age to Jerusalem ; but a few years after he returned. took forcible possession of Clugny, of which at that time Peter Maurice, of Montboissier, generally called Peter the Venerable, was abbot, and squandered the treasures of the Church. He was arretted and im]n- oned at Rome, where he died excommunicated. Under Peter the Venerable, Clugny reached the most brUfianft point in its history, more than 2000 oonventa bekng- ing to the congregation. Soon after it began to de- cline, especially in consequence of the rise of the men- dicant orders and of the immense riches of the congie> gation. Several abbots endeavored to restore a strict discipline, and abbot Ivo of Vergy, in 12G9, eetaUiib- ed the College of Clugny in Paris, in order to inspiie the monks with greater interest in literary pursuits: but all these efforts led to no permanent improvement. Gradually the abbey fiell under the rule of the Frendi kings, and in the 16tii century it became a ** oomniend*' (q. V.) of the cardinals and prelates of the fiunily of Guise, and was on that account several times devas- tated during the civil wars in France. Clogny lost many of its convents in consequence of the Reforma- tion, and because foreign governments ofc»)ected to the continuance of a connection of conventi in their coim- tries with a French abbey. In 1627, Cardinal Bicbe- lieu made himself abbot of Clugny, and united it with the Congregation of the Maurines. This led to vident dissensions among the monks of Clugny, and the i had after a time to be repealed. The corraptioa i this time steadily increased, and Clugny, as a monas- tic institution, was only a wreck, when the French Constituent Assembly, on February 18, 1790, suppress- ed all the convents. The last abbot of Clugny, Car- dinal Dominique de la Rochefoucauld, died in 1800. Hie property of the convent was confiscated, and the church sold for 100,000 francs to the town, which broke it down. Only a few ruins are left. See Lorain, fA h- haye de Clugny (Dijon, 1889) ; Wetter u. Welte, Kir^ chen-Ler. ii, 641 ; Herzog, Beal-Eneyklop, ii, 76Q; Haae. Church Biit, p. 226 ; Neander, ChtrA HisL iii, 417 ; iv. 249, 268. See Benedictines. Cluster. See Bitter ; Bshool ; Gbapb.
Clysma (KXva/ur), the name given by Ensehios {Onomasi, s. v. BifXatipwv) to the head of the Heioop> olitan or western gulf of the Red Sea, through which the Israelites passed on dry land ; according to Phi- lostorgius {HiH, EccL iii, 5), from a town of that name (comp. Epiphanios, adv, Haer, ii, p. 618), apparoidy corresponding nearly to the modem site of Suea (Re- land, Palatl, p. 471), a littie to the north of which are some mounds still known by the Arabs as 7W7 KoUam (Wilson, Lcmdi of Bible, i, 187). See Exodb.