8. Scarlet (Crimson, Isa. i, 18 ; Jer. iv, 80). The terms by which this color is expressed in Hebrew vary: sometimes "^J^, shani% simply is used, as in Gen. xxxvui, 28-80 ; sometimes "^JU H^^^P, tok^aih thani, as in Exod. xxv, 4j and sometimes n??iin, tofa'oM, simply, as in Isa. 1, 18. The word i'^P^?, oarmU' (A. V. " crimson ;" 2 Chron. U, 7, 14 ; lu, 14) was introduced at a late period, probably from Arme- nia, to express the same color. The first of these terms (derived from HJIO, lAonoA', to sMne) expresses the brilliancy of the color; the second, rjbip, tola'ath, the worw, or grub, whence the dye was procured, and which gave name to the color occasionally without any addition, just as vermilion is derived from vermicubu. The Sept generally renders it cdicwvov, occasionally with the addition of such terms as KiicKijjfffjiivop (Exod. xxvi, 1), or diavivrifffuvov (Exod. xxviU, 8) ; the Vul- gate has it generally cocdnum^ occasionally coeauhit Unctus (Exod. xxviii, 8), apparendy following the er- roneous interpretation of Aquila and Syinraachus, who lender it /3i)3a^c, double-dyed (Exod. xxv, 4), as though from hj^, to repeal. The process of double- dying was, however, peculiar to the Tyrian purples (Plin. ix, 39). The dye was produced from an insect, somewhat resembling the cochineal, which is found in considerable quantities In Armenia and other Elastem countries. The Arabian name of the Insect Is kamez (whence crinuon') ; the Linnsan name Is Coccus Uicis. It frequents the boughs of a species of ilex : on these it lays its eggs in groups, which become covered with a kind of down, so that they present the appearance of vegetable galls or excrescences from the tree itself, and are described as such by Pliny, xvi, 12. The dye Is procured from the female grub alone, which, when alive. Is about the size of a kernel of a cherry, and of a dark amaranth color, but when dead shrivels up to the size of a grain of wheat, and Is covered with a bluish mould (Parrot's Journey to Ararat^ p. 114). The general character of the color is expressed by the Hebrew term f^'QTli, chamtOs' (Isa. Ixlil, 1), lit. sharp, and hence dazzling (compare the expression XP*^f^ 6^v)j and l||^e Greek Xafivpa (Luke- xxlil, 11), com- pared witoftjcr/vii (Matt xxvll, 28). The tlrit pro- duced was crtrnton rather than scarlet. The only nat- ural object to which it is applied in Scripture is the lips, which are compared to a scarlet thread (Cant Iv, 3). Josephus considered it as symbolical of fire (Ant, ill, 7, 7 ; comp. Phllo, I, 536). Scarlet threads were selected as distinguishing marks from their brilliancy (Gen. xxxvlil, 28 ; Josh. II, 18, 21), and hence the col- or Is expressive of what is excessive or glaring (Isa. I, 18). Scarlet robes were worn by the luxurious (2 Sam. I, 24; Prov. xxxi, 21 ; Jer. iv, 30; Lam. iv, 6; Rev. xvil, 4 ; xvUi, 12, 16) ; it was also the appropri-
the lace on his mltr^ were exclusively of bine (Exoi xxvlU, 28, 81, 87). Cloths for wrappmg the wM utensils were either blue (Num. Iv, 6), scarkt (8> cr purple (18). Scarlet thread was specified in cooq«*> tion with the rites of cleansing the leper (Lev. xir. V 6, 51), and of burning the red heifer (Nnm. six. i\ apparently for the purpose of binding the hynop t» the cedar wood, llie hangings for the court (Exsi xxvii, 9 ; xxxvUi, 9), the coats, mitres, booiRta, ail breeches of the priests, were white (Exod. xxxix, % 28). The application of these cobrs to the serrioe d the tabernacle has led writers both In ancieot nl | modem times to attach some symbolical mmang ti them (see Phllo and Jo8ephu8,^M< m^.). The iabj«t has been followed up with a great varietj of iaxa- pretations, umn or less probable (see Kraose, De aim sacro, Vlt. 1707 ; Creuzcr, SymboUk, 1, 125 sq. ; B»hr, SymMik, i, 335 sq. ; Friederich, Symbol, d, Jf«.5ft> hme, Lpz. 1841 ; Stud, «. Krit, 1844, u, 316 sq.). Witih out entering into a disquisition on these, ire vHl re- mark that it is unnecessary to assume that the cokn were originally selected with such a view ; their has- ty and costliness Is a sufficient explanation of the » lection. See Crimson.
4. Vermilion (^1$^, shashar'; Sept ;iafoc; Vnlf. sinopis). This was a pigment «sed In freaco^isiK- ings, either for drawing figures of idols on the iraDs rf temples (Ezek. xxill, 14), for coloring the idols then- selves (Wlsd. xill, 14), or for decorating the wills ud beams of houses (Jer. xxil, 14). The Greek tens /(A- roc Is applied both to minium, red lead, and nbrin, red ochre ; the Latin sinopis describes the best kind ef ochre, which came fh)m Sinope. Vermilion wis i fr vorite color among the Assyrians (Ezek. xxiii, U\v is still attested by the sculptures of Nimrood ai Khorsabad (Layaid, II, 808). See Vermiliox.
III. Hebrew Symbolical Sigmficanee of Cc/m.- Throughout antiquity color occupied sn Importisi place in the symbology both of sentiment and of «^- shlp. Of the analogies on which these symbofiol meanings were founded, some lie on the surface, while others are more recondite. . Thus white was eve7' where the symbol of purity and the emblem of »*• cence ; hence It was the dress of the hlgb-priest on *e day of atonement, his holy dress (Lev. xvl, 4, 32); tbe angels, as holy (Zech. xlv, 6 ; Job xv, 15), appew o white clothing (Mark xvl, 6; John xx, 12); and tbe bride, the Lamb's wife, was arrayed In white, whki i» explained as emblematical of the SuccutHtfiaTa ^^ Liv (Rev. xix, 8). White was also the sign oifif^ (Eccl. Ix, 8 ; comp. the oXbatus of Horace, Sat. ii, ^f) and of triumj^ (Zech. vi, 8 ; Rer. vi, 2 ; see Wetitea N. T. in loc.). As the llght^olor (comp. Matt xvn 2, etc.) white was also thp symbol of glory and mi^^ (Dan.vll,9; comp. Psa. dv, 2 ; Ezek. Ix, 8 sq. ; IJjJJ xil, 6 sq. ; Matt, xxviii, 8 ; John xx, 12 ; Acts x, 30> As the opposite of white, black was the emUem « mourning, affliction, calamity (Jer. xlv, 2; Um. it,*: V, 10; comp. the atratus and toga puBa of Cicero, «•