1. White. The most common term is "jl^, 2ato t which is applied to such objects as milk (Ges. slix, 12), manna (Exod. xvi, 81), snow (Isa. i, 18), bone* (Zech. i, 8), raiment (EccL i, 8) ; and a cognate vord expresses the color of the moon (Isa. xxiv, 23). HS. tsach, dassling white, is applied to the complesoB (Cant V, 10) ; ^^H, chiwar', a term of a later ag^ to snow (Dan. vii, 9 only), and to the paleness of shaae (Isa. xxix, 22, *^in); n*^ip, sib, to the hair aloae. is- other class of terms arises from the textures of a oit- urally white color, as U91D,sAet4, and }rU,i«tf. TbcM words appear to have been originally of foreign origia, but were connected by the Hebrews with roots in tbor own language descriptive of a white color (Geeenia, T^esaur. p. 190, 1884). The terms were withoot doobt primarily applied to the material ; but the idea of colfir is also prominent, particularly in the description of tbe curtains of the tabernacle (Exod. xxvi, IX and tbe priests* vestments (Exod. xxviii, 6). Shed is ibo applied to white marble (Esth. i, 6 ; Cant v, 15); and a cognate word, l^'l^b, shosh(m% to the lily (Cant ii. 16). In addition to these we meet with *l*n, d» (fivoooQ, Esth. i, 6 ; viii, 15), and 05*1?, harpas {too- vaooQ ;• A. V. "green," Esth. i, 6), aiso descriptiTe d white textures.
White was symbolical of innocence ; hence tbe rai- ment of angels (Mark xvi, 5 ; John xx, 12), and of glorifled saints (Bev. xix, 8, 14), is so described. It was also symbolical of joy (Eccl. ix, 8) ; and, Ustlr, of victory (Zech. vi, 8; Bev. vi, 2). In the Rereli- tions (vi, 2) the term Xcvroc is applied exclusively t> what belongs to Jesus Chiist (Wordsworth's 4P^ P* 105). See Whitk.
COLOR
417
COLOR
1 Black. The shades of this color are expressed in the terms *lhl8, tkadtor^^ applied to the hair (Lev. ziii, 81; Cant, v, 11); the complexion (Cant, i, v), particulariy irhen affected with disease (Job xxx, 30) ; horses (Zech. vi, 2, 6) : D^H, ckwn^ lit. $cor<Aed (^o; , A. v. "brown," Gen. xxx, 82), applied to sheep; the word expresses the color produced by inflnence of the son's rays : ^7^, kadar^^ lit. to dc dirtjff applied to a complexion blackened by sorrow or disease (Job xxx, 80) ; mourner's robes (Jer. Tiii, 21 ; xiv, 2 ; Mai. iii, 14; Zech. vi, 2, 6; see Plutarch, Pericl, 88; Mishna, Middoth, Y, 3 ; comp. vesUs/utccB, Apolei, Metam, ii, p. 40, Bip. ; see generally Gdtze, De vettium nigrar, tim , Helmst 1726) ; a clouded sky (1 Kings xviii, 45) ; night (Mic iU, 6; Jer. iv, 28; Joel ii, 10; iii, 15); a tnrbid brook (whence possibly Kbdbon), particularly wlien Tendered so by melted snow (Job vi, 16). Black, as being the opposite to white, is symbolical of evil (Zech. vi, 2, 6 ; Bev. vi, 5). See Black.
8. Red. Dne(, adom\ is applied to blood (2 Kings iii, 22) ; a garment sprinkled with blood (Isa. bdii, 2) ; a heifer (Num. xix, 2) ; pottage made of lentiles (Gen. XXV, 80) ; a horse (Zech. i, 8 ; vi, 2) ; wine (Prov. xxiii, 31); the complexion (Gen. xzv, 25 ; Cant v, 10 ; Lam. 17, 7). ^TO'^M, adamdam^j is a slight degree of red, Ttd^^ and is applied to a leprous spot (Lev. xiii, 19 ; xiv, 87). p'lto, tarojc^i Mt, foas-cohrtdt bay, is applied to a horse (A. V. " speckled ;" Zech. i, 8), and to a spe- cies of vine bearing a purple grape (Isa. v, 2 ; xvi, ^) : the translation **bay" in Zech. vi, 8, A. Y. is incor- rect. The corresponding term in Greek is irv^dc, lit. nd asfre. This color was symbolical of bloodshed (Zedi. vi, 2; Bev. vi, 4; xii, 8). See Bed.
II. Artificial Colon,— The art of extracting dyes, and of applying them to various textures, appears to have be^ known at a very early period. We read of scarlet thread at the time of Zarah's birth (Gen. xxxviii, 28); of blue and purple at the time of the Exodus (Exod. xxvi, 1). There is, however, no evi- dence to show that the Jews themselves were at that period acquainted with the art ; the profession of the dyer is not noticed in the Bible, though it is referred to in the Talmud. They were probably indebted both to the Egyptians and the Phoenicians ; to the latter for the dyes, and to the former for the mode of apply- ing them. The purple dyes which they chiefly used Ireie extracted by the Phoenicians (Ezek. xxvii, 16 ; Plin. ix, 60), and in certain districts of Asia Minor (Horn. /7. iv, 141), especially Thyatfra (Acts xvl, 14). It does not appear that thoee particular colors were used in Egypt, the Egyptian colors being produced from various metallic and earthy substances (Wilkin- son, Anc, Egypt, iii, 301). On the other hand, there was a remarkable similarity in the mode of dyeing in Egypt and Palestine, inasmuch as the color was ap- plied to the raw material previous to the processes of spinning and weaving (Exod. xxxv, 25 ; xxxix, 8 ; Wnidnson, iii, 125). The dyes consisted of purples, light and dark (the latter being the "blue" of the A. v.), and crimson (A.y. '* scarlet*'): vermilion was in- troduced at a late period.