t PuBPLB O^A^K, cargaman'; CAialdaic form, '^JJf?^' oryewwa', Dan. v, 7, 16 ; vop^vpa ; pmjmra). This color was obtained from the secretion of a species of shell-fish (Plin. ix, 60), the Jfurex intaculut of Lin- ncns, which was found in various parts of tke Medi- t«r»nean Sea (hence called irop^pa BaXaaaia, 1 Mace, iv, 23), particularly on the coasts of Phoenicia (Strab. xvi, 767), Africa (Strab. xvii, 835), Laconia (Hor. Od, ^, 18, 7), and Asia Minor. See Elishah. The derivation of the Hebrew name is uncertain ; it has been connected with the Sanscrit r&ganum^ "tinged with red ;" , and again with arghamdnay " costly" (Hitzi^, Comment, in Dan, v, 7). Gesenios, however II.— D D
(Xhwntr, p. 1268), considers it highly improbable that a color so peculiar to the shores of the Mediterranean should be described by a word of any other than She- mitic origin, and connects it with the root D^^ ragam\ to heap up or overlay with color. The ooltning matter was contained in a small vessel in the throat of the fish ; and as the quantity amounted to only a single drop in each animal, the value of the dye was propor- tionately high; sometimes, however, the whole fish was crushed (Plin. ix, 60). It is difficult to state with precision the tint described under the Hebrew name. The Greek equivalent was, we know, applied with great latitude, not only to all colors extracted from the shell-fish, but even to other brilliant colors ; thus, ihepwyle upper garment Qfiariov irop^povv) of John xix, 2= the crimton cloak (xXafiitg KOKKivrf) of Matt, xxvii, 28 (comp. Plin. ix, 62). The same may be said of the Latin purpureut. The Hebrew term seems to be applied in a similarly broad sense in Cant, vii, 5, where it either =Madk (comp. v, 11), or, still better, shining with oil. Generally speaking, however, the tint must be considered as having been defined by the distinction between the purple proper and the other purple dye (A. V. " blue"), which was produced from another spedes of shell-fish. The latter was undoubt- edly a dtfk violet tint, while the former had a light reddish tinge. Robes of a purple color were worn by kings (Judg. viii, 26), and by the highest officers, civU and religious; thus Mordecai (Esth. viii, 15), Daniel (A. V. " scarlet," Dan. v, 7, 16, 29), and Andronicus, the deputy of Antiochus (2 Mace, iv, 88), were invest- ed with purple in token of the offices they held (comp. Xenoph. Anab, i, 5, 8) ; so also Jonathan, as high- priest (1 Mace X, 20, 64; xi, 58). They were also worn by the wealthy and luxurious (Jer. x, 9 ; Ezek. xxvii, 7; Luke xvi, 19; Rev. xvii, 4; xviii, 16). A similar value was attached to purple robes both by the Greeks (Hom. Od, xix, 225 ; Herod, ix, 22 ; Strab. xiv, 648) and by the Romans (Virg. Georg. ii, 495; Hor. Ep, 12, 21 ; Suet. Ccu. 43 ; Nero, 32). Gf the use of this and the other dyes in the textures of the taber- nacle, we shall presently speak. See Pubpls.
2. Blue (nb^n, teke'lOh; Sept. vokwOoq, vaKlvOf voc, 6\oir6pipvpo^, Num. iv, 7; Yulg. hgadnthut, hga- cuUhkmt). Tlus dye was procured fh>m a species of shell-fish found on the coast of Phoenicia, and called by the Hebrews Chilton (Targ, Pseudo-Jon. in Deut xxxiii, 19), and by modem naturalists HeBx iantkina. The Hebrew name is derived, according to Gesenius (Theiaur, p. 1502), from a root signifying to untheU; but according to Hitaig (Commml, in Ezek. xxiii, 6), from ^bs, kalal\ in the sense of dutted^ hbaUed, as op- posed to the brilliant hue of the proper purple. The tint is l>est explained by the statements of Josephus {Ant. iii, 7, 7) and Pliilo that it was emblematic of the sky, in which case it represents not the light blue of our northern climate, but the deep dark hue of the eastern sky {Opp, i, 536). The tenn adopted by the Sept. is applied by classical writers to a color ap- proaching to black (Horn. (>i. vi, 231 ; xxiii, 158 ; Theoc. Id, 10, 28); the flower, whence the name was borrowed, being, as b well known, not the modem kg- aevnthy but of a dusky red color (Jerrugineui, Yirg. Georg, iv, 183; ccdesOe hmMi h^adnthu, Colum. ix, 4, 4). The A. Y. has rightly described the tint in Esth. i, 6 (margin) as l^jj^; the ordinary term blue is incorrect; the Lutheran translation is BtQl more in- correct in giving it gdbe Seide (yellow silk), and occa- sionally simply Seide (Ezek. xxiii, 6). This color was used in the same way as purple. Princes and nobles (Ezek. xxiii, 6 ; Ecdus. xl, 4), and the idols of Baby- lon (Jer. X, 9), were clothed in robes of this tint; the riband and the fringe of the Hebrew dress was ordered to be of this color (Num. xv, 88) ; it was used in the tapestries of the Persians (Esth. i, 6). The eflect of the color is well described in Ezek. xzili, 12, where
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sion, that the Sept. treats the term ©HFl, tach'cuh (A. V. ♦* badger'*) as indicative of color, and haa trans- lated it vaKivOivoQ, kyacitUhi^t (Exod. xxv, 5). See Blihe.