Colonna, Gioyanvi, bom at the beginning of the Idth century. He entered the Dominican order ; was in 1286 provincial of his order in Tuscany ; became in 1256 archbishop of Messina, and in 1262 archbishop of Nicosia, in Cyprus. The latter see he resigned in 1268, on account of political disturbances in Cyprus. He died between 1280 and 1290. He wrote lAber de virit Ububibus etkmcU el Chriitiamt (published in 1720, with notes by B. Zoanelli). A number of other works (as Mare hittorianan, Epittola ad divereot, De gloria Paraditij etc.) have never been printed. See Wetzer u. Welte, Kirckem-Lex. ii, 679 sq.
Colony (KoXuvuif for the Lat. cohma), a distinc- tion applied to the city of Philippi, in Macedonia (Acts svi, 12). After the battle of Actium, Augustus as- signed to his veterans those parts of Italy which had espoused the cause of Antony, and transported many of the expelled hihabitants to Macedonia, by which means the towns of Philippi, Dyrrachiom, etc,' ac- quired the right of Koman colonies (Dio Cass. p. 466). Accordingly, we find Philippi described as a ** colonia'* both in inscriptions and upon the coins of Augustus (OreUi, Inecr. 612, 8668, 8746, 4064; Basche, voL viii, pt ii, p. 1120). See Philippi. Such towns possess- ed the net eohmarnm (Plin. Nat, Hist, v, 1), L e. so- caHed jve liaKcum {Dig^tL Leg, viii, 8), consisting, if complete, in a fr«e municipal constitution, such as was customary in Italy, in exemption ftt)m personal and land taxes, and in the commerce of the soil, or the right of selling the land. Originally and properly a colony was a body of Boman citizens sent out as vol- unteers (Livy, X, 21) to possess a commonwealth,*with the approba^n of their own state (Servins, ad JSneid, i, 12). The old Boman colonies were thus in the na- ture of garrisons planted in conquered towns, having a portion of the conquered territory (usually a third part) assigned to them, while the native inhabitants retained the rest, and lived together with the new set- tlers (Dionys. AtU, Bom. ii, 68). Such colonists, of course, remained Boman citizens in the fullest sense. The original natives, however, and their descendants, did not become Boman citizens by having a colony planted among them, unless it was conferred, either It the time or subsequentiy, by a special act of the Homan people, senate, or emperor. Their exa<!t rela- tion in this respect it is somewhat difficult to deter- mine in the absence of such a specific act, as the/ius ItaUatm, readily and often conferred upon provincial cities, and which now would be more likely to obtain than colonial ones, conforred only the above rights upon the community, without making the individual inhabitants Boman citizens in frill. (See Smithes Diet, of Oast. Antiq, s. v. Colonia.) See Citizenship. In one passage of the Apocrypha (Wisd. xii, 7) the
term ''colony*' stands far iwoucia, a eettlemmO^ refer- ring to Palestine as the seat of the chosen people of God.
Color. Names of colors expressly mentioned as such in the Old Test are : (a.) 13;, laban% white ; nx, teKA, bright f "^jn, Mwar^^paU; ^'^iO, seyft, gray; •^h^, teaeho/, eream^cokredi (6.) Sinst, t$ahob\ gel- hwi p^;, garak', green; (c) dSk, adok\ reds pHi^, iaroh% fox-colored; ^^6 n?Wn, kHa'aih^ham\ mns- ton; *^'i'^,thather\ ochre-red; (A) ']i'W^^argam(m\ pwjk, rtsPi, teke'UA, rioUt; (e.) 4l^, $kachor\ black f n^1\ chumy brown; (/.) ^'pS, ncAod", speMed; win, tofa', epctted; ^S, barod% jMtald; *7*p5, ahod\ ttriped. In the N. T. tiie colors mentioned are : Xcvjc^c, white; fUXaQ, black; irvp^g, red; x^^P^^t green; rrop^ga, wop^vpcoc, purple; kokkivoc, scarlet. The following statements are chiefiy frx>m Smith and Kitto, s. V.
The terms relative to color, occurring in the Bible, may be arranged in two classes, the first including those applied to the description of natural objects, the second those artificial mixtures which were employed in dyeing or painting. In an advanced state of art, such a distinction can hardly be said to exist ; all the hues of nature have been successfrilly imitated by the artist ; but among the Jews, who fell even below their contemporaries in the cultivation of the fine arts, and to whom painting was unknown until a late p«iod, the knowledge of artificial colors was very restricted. Dyeing was the object to which the colors known to them were applied : so exclusively, indeed, were the ideas of the Jews limited to this application of color, that the name of the dye was transferred without any addition to the material to which it was applied. The Jews were not, however, by any means insensible to the influence of color: they attached definite ideas to the various tints, according to the use made of them in robes and vestments ; and the subject exercises an important influence on the interpretation of certain portions of Scripture. See Dte.
I. The natural colors noticed in the Bible are white, black, red, yellow, and green. It will be observed that only three of the prismatic colcns are represented in this list; blue, indigo, violet, and orange are omit- ted. Of the three, geUow is very seldom noticed ; it was apparentiy regarded as a shade of green, for the same term greenish (p^{^^7) is applied to gold (Psa. Ixviii, 18), and to the leprous spot (Lev. xiii, 49), and very probably the golden (Shx) or geUow hue of the ' leprous hair (Lev. xiii, 80-82) diflered littie from the greenieh spot on the garments (Lev. xiii, 49). Green is frequently noticed, but an examination of the pas- sages in which it occurs will show that the reference is seldom to color. The Hebrew terms are raanan^ (^9*1) and garak (p*!^) : the first of these applies to what is rigorous taidjlowishing; hence it is metaphor- ically employed as an fanage of prosperity (Job xv, 82 ; Psa. xxxvii, 86; lii, 8; xcii, 14; Jer. xi, 16; xvii, 8; Dan. It, 4 ; Hos. xiv, 8) ; it is invariably employed wherever the expression ^^green tree^* is used in con- nection with idolatrous sacrifices, as though with the view of conveying the idea of the outspreading branch- es, which served as a canopy to the worshippers (Dent, xii, 2 ; "2 Kings xvi, 4) ; elsewhere it is used of that which h fresh, as oil (Psa. xcii, 10), and newly-plucked boughs (Cant, i, 16). The other term, garak, has the radical signification of putting forth leaves, sprouting (Gesenius, Thes. ffeb. p. 682): it is used indiscrimi- nately for aU productions of the earth fit for food (Gen. i, 80; ix, 8; Exod. x, 16; Num. xxU, 4; Isa. xv, 6; comp. x^^P^t Ro^' "^t 7 ; ix, 4), and again for all kinds of garden herbs (Deut xi, 10 ; 1 Khigs xxi, 2 ; 2 Kings xix, 26; Prov. xv, 17 ; Isa. xxxvii, 27 ; con-