U2
CONCOMITANT
for tbe others. The ooit of armB of etch ctrdiiud Ib affixed to his celL When a pope dies, ten days are allowed for the obeeqnies, for the arrival of absent cardinals, and for the preparations above mentioned for the conclave, together with tbe selection of persons styled condavists, who are to enter the oondave as servants of the cardinals (two to each, or, if the car- dinal be very old, sickly, or of princely bbth, three), masters of ceremonies, confessors, clerks, physicians, carpenters, masons, barbers, and other servants. The prescribed time having elapsed, the cardinals and oon- daviits attend the mass of the Holy .Ghost, formerly in St Peter's, lately in St. Sylvester's church. The papal ordinances governing the conclaves are read, to the strict observance of which all who are to enter the conclave are sworn. Then the cardinals, with their conclavists, proceed solemnly to the apartments pre- pared, and repair severally to their cells, where tiiey receive visits nntil evening from persons not of theh* number. At the third signal from the bell, about three honrs after sxmset, all not belonging to the con- clave are excluded, and all the entrances except one are walled np, the windows also, except so mnch as may be necessary for air and light. The excepted en- trance is closed by double locks and strictly guarded, admission being dlowed to none except the absent car- dinals. No egress is allowed except by permission of the conclave itself in case of grave illness. The the- ory is that all communication between those within and persons without in regard to the pending election must be prevented ; but these precautions have not al- ways secured their end. In spite of the law, there is frequent correspondence between the cardinals with- in and their political friends without. The decree of Gregory X prescribed that, if a choice was not made by the cardinals within three days, for the next five days only one dish at noon and evening should be allowed to each, and after that time only bread, wine, and water ; but this rigid regimen was modi- fied somewhat by Clement YI (1851). The execu- tion of these regulations is intrusted externally to the dvU authorities of the place where the conclave is held, and internally to the officers appointed by the conclave.
Prior to the latter half of the 11th century, the choice of the bbhop of Rome was the Joint prercjgative of the clergy and people, exerdsed, we may suppose, at first directly, though subsequently the popular par- ticipation in the election appears to have been through some representative body ; while the supreme secular power asserted its authority by requiring that the election should receive its sanction, tiie origin, doubt- less, of the right exercised by certain Catholic gov- ernments (France, Spain, and Aastriil), and claimed by Italy (Naples) and Portugal, of each exduding tram the papal throne some psrticular cardinal, a right, however, to be exercised before an elation, and limit- ed to one veto at each conclave. By a decree of Pope Nicholas II (In nomme Domud), 1059, the dection of pontiff was given to the cardinal bishops, the other cardinals, and the dergy, the people merely approv- ing it. By a ftirther decree of Alexander III (1179), the choice was vested exdusivdy in the college of car- dinals, with the proviso that the concurrence of two thirds of the cardinals present should constitute a le- gal election, the assent of clergy and people being no longer required. The Council of Lyons (1274), under the aaspices of Gregory X, promulgated a constitution minutely prescribing tiie forms to be observed in re- gard to such elections, which were to be made in oof»- c/aoi c/atMO, so as to shut out secular influence. These three instruments ftimish the organic laws and regu- LatioDS, both of franchise and ceremonials, which, with- out fundamental change, are still in force in papal elections.
It is laid down as a settled principle that no pope can appoint his successor, and that every cardinal.
however reoentiy made such, provided he baa 1 deacon's orders, may partidpate in a conclave, though under papal erasure, suspension, interdict, or exeoa- munication. ^
According to the bulls of Gregory XV (jEtermtPO' trit Filiui and Ikcet Bomamm PotO^ieem), oonfirmed b^ tiiat of Urban YIII (ad Bomam PohU/cu prmdem- tiam), the choice must be made in one of three waya, viz., by inspiration, compromise, or ballot. FUytiiM by inspiration is when all the electors qmntaneoiialy (per quasi intpiraUanem}, without any previom coa- cert, proclaim the same person for the ofiloe. Sxasi- ples at such elections are given by early oorVwisBfiftl writers, as that of Fabianus (Enseb. ffuL Eoelet. vi, 29), but in modem times none such has oocnrred. Election by compromise is when, in de&nlt of agree- ment thems^es, the cardinals delegate to a sdeet number of their body, with or without conditioaa, sd- thority to choose a pope, as was the case in the elecy tion of Clement Y. The ordinary way, bowevo-, is by ballot In this method, after the usual morning masa, eadi cardinal (when the conclave la assembled la the balloting-room or chapd), invoking Christ aa witnecs to the purity of his intentions in the vote, depodts in the chslioe on the altera square paper, folded at appo- site comers so as to conceal the voter's name and mot- to (which, once selected, must be adhered to), while the name of the person voted for is written on tbe open central space. These ballots are then examined in turn by three cardinals, appointed scmUUoreM, and tbe numbCTs tak^ti, which must agree with that of tbe cardinals present, all being required to vote, and aie filed to awdt the result. If any one has recerved just two thirds, the folded ends are opened to see that he has not voted for himself which is not allowable. If no one has attained the required minority, tbe cqd- dave proceeds in the afternoon sesdon, after the hymn Teni Creator Spiritus, to try the process called oocei- ing (acomu$)f in which each cardinal may giv« a supplementaiy vote, in the words €Keedo domimo carS- ncUi, to any one who received votes ui the first process from others than the accedent; those HA^^lining to change the morning's choice write memim. If tbe supplementary votes for any, added to the morning's votes for the same, do not make up the two thinb majority, the papers are burned, and the same prooesi of balloting is repeated the next day. Wlran the requisite mi^rity is given, the papers are examined to see that no cardinal has voted twice for the same person, and that the mottoes of the evening and mora* ing vote tally ; then the recipient of the higheat vote equalling or exceeding two thirds is declared duly elected. On his acceptance the work of tbe condave strictiy ends, for the newly dected is deemed to be legally pope, with all his prerogatives and powen,- he is invested with the pontifical robes, receives tbe homage of the cardinals, adopts his ofildal name, and is proclaimed ftt>m a reopened bdcony window to the people by the cardinal dean, in the words Anmadio vobis gaudium magnmn, Papam kdbemu9 Emmm-